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A perspective that emphasizes the competitive and conflictual side of international relations, focusing on the struggle for power among states as they pursue their national interests.

An environmental approach to IR that looks at how international relations affect the environment and posits that ecological concerns should be a central issue in global politics.

An approach asserting that international relations are influenced by the economic structure and class relations, often emphasizing the disparities between rich and poor nations.

A perspective that highlights the importance of gender in international relations and seeks to uncover the ways in which gender roles influence global politics and power dynamics.

A theoretical framework that analyzes the lasting impact of colonialism on current international relations, based on the premise that historical forms of domination affect present-day power structures.

A theory that focuses on the impact of ideas, beliefs, and social norms on international relations, arguing that these social constructions shape how states understand their interests.

A theory that straddles the middle ground between realism and liberalism, recognizing the anarchic system but also emphasizing international society and the shared norms and values that lead to order.

A revision of classical realism that proposes that the structure of the international system, rather than human nature, dictates state behavior, emphasizing the balance of power and the distribution of capabilities across states.

A response to neorealism that agrees with the anarchic nature of international system but posits that institutions, regimes, and interdependence can mitigate anarchy and facilitate cooperation.