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Famous Nonviolent Protests
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Velvet Revolution
Goals: End of communist rule in Czechoslovakia, Leaders: Václav Havel, Civic Forum, Outcomes: Nonviolent transfer of power, election of a democratic government
Colourful Revolution
Goals: Resignation of Macedonia's government, Leaders: Joint opposition parties, civil society, Outcomes: Special prosecutor appointed, ruling party leaders resigned
People Power Revolution
Goals: End of the Marcos dictatorship in the Philippines, Leaders: Corazon Aquino, Catholic Church, Outcomes: Marcos regime ended, Corazon Aquino became president
Tiananmen Square Protests
Goals: Democratic reforms in China, Leaders: Student-led demonstrations, Outcomes: Violent crackdown, lasting symbol of resistance
White Rose Movement
Goals: Oppose Nazi regime in Germany, Leaders: Sophie Scholl, Hans Scholl, and other University of Munich students, Outcomes: Leaders were captured and executed, movement remains a symbol of nonviolent resistance
Occupy Wall Street
Goals: Protest against income inequality and influence of corporations on government, Leaders: No formal leadership, outcomes: Raised awareness and sparked similar movements globally
The Solidarity Movement
Goals: Workers' rights and social change in Poland, Leaders: Lech Wałęsa and others, Outcomes: Led to the fall of communism in Poland, eventual end of the Cold War
Salt March
Goals: Nonviolent protest against the British salt tax in colonial India, Leaders: Mahatma Gandhi, Outcomes: Garnered worldwide attention, helped pave the way for Indian Independence
Orange Revolution
Goals: Transparent elections, end to corruption in Ukraine, Leaders: Viktor Yushchenko, Yulia Tymoshenko, Outcomes: Supreme Court ruling on election fraud, re-run of the presidential election
The Quit India Movement
Goals: End of British rule in India, Leaders: Mahatma Gandhi, Congress Party, Outcomes: Increased pressure on British, eventual independence of India
Sunflower Student Movement
Goals: Transparency in trade agreements with China, rejection of the Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement, Leaders: Student groups, academics, Outcomes: Legislative Yuan occupation, increased scrutiny on agreements
Umbrella Movement
Goals: Democratic reform in Hong Kong, Leaders: Student groups and activists like Joshua Wong, Outcomes: Arrests and a failed bid for immediate reform, sparked later protests
East German Peaceful Revolution
Goals: Political reform and freedom in East Germany, Leaders: New Forum, other grassroots groups, Outcomes: Fall of Berlin Wall, reuniting of East and West Germany
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Goals: End racial segregation on public transportation, Leaders: Martin Luther King Jr., E.D. Nixon, Rosa Parks, Outcomes: Supreme Court ruling declaring segregation on buses unconstitutional
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
Goals: Economic and civil rights for African Americans, Leaders: Martin Luther King Jr., A. Philip Randolph, Outcomes: Increased momentum for civil rights, famous 'I Have a Dream' speech
Singing Revolution
Goals: Independence for Baltic states from the Soviet Union, Leaders: Mass public singing, grassroots organizations, Outcomes: Peaceful independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
Anti-Apartheid Movement
Goals: End of apartheid in South Africa, Leaders: Nelson Mandela, African National Congress, Outcomes: Dismantling of apartheid, election of Nelson Mandela
Standing Rock Pipeline Protests
Goals: Halt construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline, Leaders: Standing Rock Sioux tribe, environmental activists, Outcomes: Temporary halt of construction, international attention to indigenous rights
Arab Spring
Goals: Political and social reforms across the Arab world, Leaders: Varied by country, mostly grassroots, Outcomes: Overthrow of several governments, ongoing conflicts and reform movements
Pro-Democracy Movement in Myanmar (2021)
Goals: Overthrow of the military junta that seized power, Leaders: General public along with ousted politicians, Outcomes: Ongoing resistance, international condemnation of the coup
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