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Famous Nonviolent Protests

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Velvet Revolution

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Goals: End of communist rule in Czechoslovakia, Leaders: Václav Havel, Civic Forum, Outcomes: Nonviolent transfer of power, election of a democratic government

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Colourful Revolution

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Goals: Resignation of Macedonia's government, Leaders: Joint opposition parties, civil society, Outcomes: Special prosecutor appointed, ruling party leaders resigned

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People Power Revolution

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Goals: End of the Marcos dictatorship in the Philippines, Leaders: Corazon Aquino, Catholic Church, Outcomes: Marcos regime ended, Corazon Aquino became president

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Tiananmen Square Protests

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Goals: Democratic reforms in China, Leaders: Student-led demonstrations, Outcomes: Violent crackdown, lasting symbol of resistance

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White Rose Movement

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Goals: Oppose Nazi regime in Germany, Leaders: Sophie Scholl, Hans Scholl, and other University of Munich students, Outcomes: Leaders were captured and executed, movement remains a symbol of nonviolent resistance

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Occupy Wall Street

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Goals: Protest against income inequality and influence of corporations on government, Leaders: No formal leadership, outcomes: Raised awareness and sparked similar movements globally

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The Solidarity Movement

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Goals: Workers' rights and social change in Poland, Leaders: Lech Wałęsa and others, Outcomes: Led to the fall of communism in Poland, eventual end of the Cold War

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Salt March

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Goals: Nonviolent protest against the British salt tax in colonial India, Leaders: Mahatma Gandhi, Outcomes: Garnered worldwide attention, helped pave the way for Indian Independence

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Orange Revolution

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Goals: Transparent elections, end to corruption in Ukraine, Leaders: Viktor Yushchenko, Yulia Tymoshenko, Outcomes: Supreme Court ruling on election fraud, re-run of the presidential election

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The Quit India Movement

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Goals: End of British rule in India, Leaders: Mahatma Gandhi, Congress Party, Outcomes: Increased pressure on British, eventual independence of India

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Sunflower Student Movement

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Goals: Transparency in trade agreements with China, rejection of the Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement, Leaders: Student groups, academics, Outcomes: Legislative Yuan occupation, increased scrutiny on agreements

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Umbrella Movement

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Goals: Democratic reform in Hong Kong, Leaders: Student groups and activists like Joshua Wong, Outcomes: Arrests and a failed bid for immediate reform, sparked later protests

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East German Peaceful Revolution

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Goals: Political reform and freedom in East Germany, Leaders: New Forum, other grassroots groups, Outcomes: Fall of Berlin Wall, reuniting of East and West Germany

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Montgomery Bus Boycott

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Goals: End racial segregation on public transportation, Leaders: Martin Luther King Jr., E.D. Nixon, Rosa Parks, Outcomes: Supreme Court ruling declaring segregation on buses unconstitutional

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March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

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Goals: Economic and civil rights for African Americans, Leaders: Martin Luther King Jr., A. Philip Randolph, Outcomes: Increased momentum for civil rights, famous 'I Have a Dream' speech

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Singing Revolution

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Goals: Independence for Baltic states from the Soviet Union, Leaders: Mass public singing, grassroots organizations, Outcomes: Peaceful independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania

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Anti-Apartheid Movement

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Goals: End of apartheid in South Africa, Leaders: Nelson Mandela, African National Congress, Outcomes: Dismantling of apartheid, election of Nelson Mandela

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Standing Rock Pipeline Protests

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Goals: Halt construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline, Leaders: Standing Rock Sioux tribe, environmental activists, Outcomes: Temporary halt of construction, international attention to indigenous rights

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Arab Spring

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Goals: Political and social reforms across the Arab world, Leaders: Varied by country, mostly grassroots, Outcomes: Overthrow of several governments, ongoing conflicts and reform movements

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Pro-Democracy Movement in Myanmar (2021)

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Goals: Overthrow of the military junta that seized power, Leaders: General public along with ousted politicians, Outcomes: Ongoing resistance, international condemnation of the coup

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