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Ethane, a simple molecule found in the atmosphere of Titan and other celestial bodies; a hydrocarbon like methane.

Nitrogen, makes up a significant portion of Earth's atmosphere and is found in the interstellar medium.

Sulfuric acid, detected in aerosol form in the atmosphere of Venus; its presence indicates volcanic or lightning activity.

Hydrogen, the most abundant element in the Universe, often forming molecular hydrogen (H2) which is essential in star formation.

Water, an important molecule for life; exists on celestial bodies such as comets, moons, and exoplanets.

Iron, a heavy element created in supernovae; plays a role in star formation and planet composition.

Formaldehyde, an organic molecule found in the interstellar medium; involved in the synthesis of more complex molecules.

Neon, a noble gas with a distinct glow when ionized; found in stars and is used as a tracer for cosmic radiation.

Methane, a simple organic molecule found in planetary atmospheres, such as Titan's, and in the interstellar medium.

Oxygen, in molecular form is essential for life on Earth, and it's present in low abundance in the interstellar medium.

Ammonia, found in the atmospheres of gas giant planets and in the interstellar medium; used in the synthesis of organic molecules.

Phosphorus, a key element for life, found in the interstellar medium; plays a role in the formation of biomolecules.

Nickel, an element produced in large stars and found in meteorites; contributes to the metal content of planetary cores.

Carbon, a versatile element that is the backbone of organic chemistry and found throughout the Universe.

Carbon dioxide, a molecule that can be found in the atmospheres of planets and as ice in molecular clouds.

Hydrogen sulfide, a toxic gas found in the interstellar medium; also known for its 'rotten egg' smell.

Methanol, an organic molecule found in the interstellar medium; serves as a building block for more complex organic molecules.

Silicon, found in cosmic dust and rocky planets; essential for silicate minerals in the Universe.

Helium, produced during Big Bang nucleosynthesis; the second most abundant element in the Universe.

Silicon dioxide, a dust component in the interstellar medium; prevalent in rocky planets and meteoroids.

Calcium, a metal that forms dust in the interstellar medium; contributes to the spectrum of stars.

Ozone, a form of oxygen that absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation; found in the atmospheres of planets.

Sulfur, an element participating in sulfur-based chemistry in interstellar clouds; essential for some biological processes.

Sodium chloride, also known as table salt, has been detected in the atmosphere of an exoplanet.

Trihydrogen cation, plays a critical role in ionizing molecular clouds and initiating a chain of interstellar chemistry.

Argon, a noble gas found in planetary atmospheres and known for its lack of chemical reactivity.

Carbon monoxide, abundant in the interstellar medium; it is used as a tracer for molecular hydrogen.

Hydrogen cyanide, a compound detected in interstellar clouds; can give rise to amino acids and nucleotides.

Acetylene, a hydrocarbon used in stellar atmosphere studies to understand carbon-based chemistry.