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Astronomers and Astrophysicists
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Edwin Hubble
Hubble made the observational discovery that the universe is expanding, leading to the formulation of Hubble's Law.
Albert Einstein
Einstein developed the theory of relativity, which has become fundamental to modern physics.
Georges Lemaître
Lemaître proposed the Big Bang theory for the origin of the universe and also derived Hubble's Law independently.
Arthur Eddington
Eddington was a key figure in the popularization and interpretation of Einstein's theory of relativity in the English-speaking world.
Vera Rubin
Rubin provided some of the most convincing evidence for the existence of dark matter through the study of galaxy rotation curves.
Isaac Newton
Newton formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation which he used to predict planetary orbits.
Stephen Hawking
Hawking made significant contributions to cosmology and theoretical physics, including the prediction of Hawking radiation.
Johannes Kepler
Kepler formulated the three laws of planetary motion which significantly improved the heliocentric model of the solar system.
William Herschel
Herschel discovered the planet Uranus and its two moons, and also two moons of Saturn, in addition to creating a comprehensive catalog of nebulae and star clusters.
Karl Jansky
Jansky discovered cosmic radio waves, thus laying the groundwork for the field of radio astronomy.
Hipparchus
Hipparchus is considered the founder of trigonometry and made fundamental contributions to the understanding of the motion of the Sun and Moon.
Annie Jump Cannon
Cannon developed a stellar classification system based on the temperature of stars, which is still used today (OBAFGKM).
Jocelyn Bell Burnell
Bell Burnell discovered the first radio pulsars, providing important evidence for the existence of rapidly rotating neutron stars.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Copernicus formulated the heliocentric model of the universe which placed the Sun, rather than the Earth, at the center.
Henrietta Swan Leavitt
Leavitt discovered the relation between the luminosity and the period of Cepheid variable stars, which became a crucial step in measuring cosmic distances.
Tycho Brahe
Brahe's detailed astronomical observations laid the foundation for Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
Galileo Galilei
Galileo is known for his improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations that supported heliocentrism.
Carl Sagan
Sagan was crucial in popularizing astronomy through books and the television series 'Cosmos'.
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Chandrasekhar determined the maximum mass for white dwarfs, beyond which they would collapse into neutron stars or black holes.
Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin
Payne-Gaposchkin discovered that stars are composed primarily of hydrogen and helium and are the most common elements in the universe.
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