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Location: Low Earth Orbit, Key features: X-ray telescope, named after Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, can detect X-ray sources billions of light-years away, Major discoveries: Supernova remnants, X-ray emissions from black holes, the discovery of dark matter in galaxy clusters

Location: Low Earth Orbit, Key features: Detects gamma rays, named after physicist Enrico Fermi, provides a wide-field view of the sky, Major discoveries: Gamma-ray bursts, observations of supermassive black holes and neutron stars, insights into high-energy cosmic rays

Location: Low Earth Orbit, Key features: 2.4-meter mirror, operates in the near ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared spectra, Major discoveries: Hubble Deep Field, expanding universe, black holes in galaxy centers

Location: Interstellar space, Key features: Twin spacecraft, designed for long-term missions studying the outer Solar System and beyond, Major discoveries: Detailed images and data from Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, the interstellar medium

Location: Mauna Kea, Hawaii, Key features: Eight 6-meter antennas that can be rearranged, operates in submillimeter wavelengths, Major discoveries: Detailed mapping of complex molecules in space, formation of stars and planetary systems

Location: Chajnantor plateau, Chile, Key features: 66 high-precision antennas, operates in the millimeter and submillimeter wavelength range, Major discoveries: High-resolution images of protoplanetary disks, detailed observations of galaxy formation

Location: Mount Graham, Arizona, Key features: Two 8.4-meter mirrors mounted side-by-side, operates in optical and infrared wavelengths, Major discoveries: Observations of planets around other stars, structure and dynamics of distant galaxies

Location: Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange Point, Key features: 6.5-meter primary mirror made of beryllium, operates in the near-infrared to mid-infrared, designed for exoplanet research and observing the early universe, Major discoveries: Ongoing missions anticipated to significantly build upon our knowledge of cosmology and exoplanets

Location: Heliocentric orbit, Key features: 0.85-meter diameter infrared telescope, operated in infrared wavelengths, studied comets, asteroids, stars, and distant galaxies, Major discoveries: Detailed study of the composition of comets, discovery of new rings around Saturn

Location: La Silla, Chile, Key features: Two optical telescopes with mirrors of 3.6 meters and 3.58 meters, operates in the visible and near-infrared, Major discoveries: Observations leading to the discovery of dark matter in the universe, exoplanet research

Location: Paranal, Chile, Key features: 4.1-meter mirror, specialized for surveying large areas of the sky in infrared light, Major discoveries: New discoveries of brown dwarfs, 3D mapping of the nearby galaxies, studying the structure of the Milky Way

Location: Cerro Paranal, Chile, Key features: Array of four individual 8.2-meter telescopes that can work together, operates in the visible and infrared light spectra, Major discoveries: Imaging an extrasolar planet (2M1207b), direct images of exoplanets

Location: Mauna Kea, Hawaii, Key features: Two 10-meter telescopes that can operate together, operates in visible, infrared and near-infrared spectra, Major discoveries: Evidence of supermassive black holes, galaxy formation and evolution

Location: Arecibo, Puerto Rico, Key features: Spherical 305 meter radio telescope, contributed to radio astronomy, atmospheric science, and radar observations of planets, Major discoveries: First radar maps of Venus' surface, binary pulsars, characterization of prebiotic molecules in space