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An astronomical unit (AU) is defined as the average distance from the Earth to the Sun, approximately 149.6 million kilometers (93 million miles). It's commonly used to measure distances within our solar system.

The magnitude scale is a logarithmic scale which astronomers use to measure the brightness of celestial objects, such as stars, planets, and galaxies. The scale is inversely proportional, meaning the brighter an object is, the lower its magnitude value.

Bolometric magnitude (Mbol) measures the total energy output across all wavelengths of a star or other astronomical object. It represents the total intrinsic brightness and is critical for comparing the true luminosities of different celestial bodies.

A parsec is the distance at which one astronomical unit subtends an angle of one arcsecond. It's used in astronomy to measure large distances to objects outside our solar system. A parsec is about 3.26 light years or 30.9 trillion kilometers (19.2 trillion miles).

Redshift is a phenomenon where the wavelength of light or other electromagnetic radiation from an object is increased (stretched), which generally indicates that the object is moving away from the observer. It is often used in the context of the expanding universe.

The solar mass (M☉) is a standard unit of mass in astronomy used to express the mass of stars and galaxies. It is equivalent to the mass of the Sun, about 1.989 × 10^30 kilograms (4.385 × 10^30 pounds).

Solar luminosity (L☉) is the unit of luminous power emitted by the Sun. It is used in astronomy to express the brightness or total output energy of stars. The Sun's luminosity is about 3.828 × 10^26 watts.

The solar radius (R☉) is a unit of measurement used to express the size of stars in astronomy. It is equivalent to the current radius of the Sun, which is approximately 695,700 kilometers (432,288 miles).

A light year is the distance that light travels in the vacuum of space in one Julian year (365.25 days). It is used to express astronomical distances. One light year is approximately 9.46 trillion kilometers (5.88 trillion miles).