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A highly magnetized rotating neutron star that emits beams of electromagnetic radiation out of its magnetic poles.

A stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun, known as the corona.

A form of matter thought to account for approximately 85% of the matter in the universe, it does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it invisible.

An unknown form of energy that is hypothesized to permeate all of space, tending to accelerate the expansion of the universe.

A type of compact star composed almost entirely of neutrons, which is the remnants of a supernova explosion of a star having 10-29 solar masses.

A planet that orbits a star outside the Solar System. The first confirmed detection came in 1992.

A decrease in wavelength of electromagnetic radiation emitted by an object that is moving towards the observer.

The rate of expansion of the Universe, denoted by $H_0$, important for determining the size and age of the Universe.

A stellar explosion that occurs at the end of a star's life cycle, often resulting in an extremely bright and short-lived object that emits vast amounts of energy.

Electromagnetic radiation left over from an early stage of the universe in Big Bang cosmology, discovered by Penzias and Wilson.

A region of space having a gravitational field so intense that no matter or radiation can escape. Its boundary is known as the event horizon.

The process by which elements are created within stars by combining the protons and neutrons together from the nuclei of lighter elements.

A sudden flash of increased brightness on the Sun, usually observed near its surface and in close proximity to a sunspot group.

A scatter plot of stars showing the relationship between their absolute magnitudes or luminosities versus their spectral types or effective temperatures.

Ripples in spacetime that are created by certain movements of mass, first predicted by Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity.

A highly luminous and active galactic nucleus powered by a supermassive black hole, observable from great distances.

The prevailing cosmological model that describes the early development of the Universe, starting from a hot, dense state and expanding over time.

A structure formed by diffuse material in orbital motion around a massive central body, typically a star, black hole, or white dwarf.

A phenomenon where electromagnetic radiation from an object undergoes an increase in wavelength, often used to measure the velocity at which an object is moving away.

A luminous giant star of low or intermediate mass which is in a late phase of stellar evolution, having exhausted its central hydrogen fuel.

The matter that exists in the space between the star systems in a galaxy, composed of gas, dust, and cosmic rays.

A type of neutron star with an extremely powerful magnetic field, which could be a source of some gamma-ray bursts and is well-known for emitting intense X-ray flares.

The bubble-like region of space dominated by the solar wind, extending beyond the orbit of Pluto.

A small, dense star that is the remnants of a low or medium-mass star, supported against further gravitational collapse by electron degeneracy pressure.

A star that is in a long-lived stable phase where it fuses hydrogen into helium in its core, representing a stage on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.