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Spacesuits protect astronauts from the harsh environment of space, providing oxygen, regulating temperature, removing CO2, and shielding from micrometeoroids and radiation.

Agencies use neutral buoyancy labs (large swimming pools), parabolic flights, and bed rest studies to simulate and study the effects of microgravity on the human body.

The ISS uses a Water Recovery System (WRS) that recycles urine, sweat, and humidity from the air. Through a series of filters and chemical processes, it turns waste water into potable water.

Waste on the ISS is compacted, stored, and then loaded onto cargo ships that burn up upon re-entry into Earth's atmosphere. Some waste can also be recycled.

A spacecraft must have life support systems for air, water, food, and waste management, temperature control, and protection from radiation and micrometeoroids.

Space radiation can lead to increased risk of cancer, radiation sickness, and potential damage to the central nervous system. Protective shielding and monitoring exposure are crucial.

In microgravity, flames spread differently due to the lack of convection, making fires more difficult to extinguish. Spacecraft materials must be flame-resistant, and fire detection and suppression systems are essential.

The Space Food Systems Laboratory develops and tests food items for spaceflight. It ensures that food is nutritious, palatable, safe, and packable for long-duration missions.

Microgravity causes body fluids to shift towards the head, leading to increased cranial pressure. This can cause vision problems, headaches, and changes in blood pressure regulation.

Communication relies on a network of satellites and ground stations. Signals are sent using radio frequencies through space communication systems like the Deep Space Network or the Tracking and Data Relay Satellites.

Astronauts use techniques such as regular communication with loved ones, hobbies, exercise, and private psychological support to maintain mental health.

Astronauts receive medical training, have telemedicine support, and carry medical kits to deal with emergencies. In severe cases, an emergency evacuation to Earth may be necessary.

Regular exercise helps maintain muscle mass and bone density, and supports cardiovascular health. Exercise equipment like treadmills and resistance machines is used on the ISS.

Astronauts may experience isolation, confinement stress, and disrupted sleep patterns, potentially leading to anxiety, depression, and cognitive decline.

Space diets must be nutrient-dense, stable with a long shelf-life, and easy to prepare in microgravity conditions. Fresh food is limited, and menus are designed to ensure proper nutrition and morale.

Astronauts use resistance exercise equipment, consume a diet high in calcium and vitamin D, and sometimes take bisphosphonates to mitigate bone density loss in space.

In space, the lack of gravity leads to muscle atrophy, bone density loss, and fluid redistribution. Long-duration spaceflight causes the body to adapt to weightlessness, affecting muscles, bones, and cardiovascular health.

Teamwork is critical in space missions for ensuring crew safety, efficient problem solving, and psychological well-being. Crews train together extensively to build trust and cooperation.

Microgravity and the absence of a regular day-night cycle can disrupt circadian rhythms, leading to insomnia and altered sleep patterns. Astronauts use sleep masks and controlled lighting to promote better sleep quality.