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Approximately 12,742 km. It's measured using geodesy and satellites.

Roughly 384,400 km. It's commonly measured by laser ranging experiments.

About 1.39 million km. Determined by observations and calculations from Earth.

Approximately 9.461 trillion km. The distance light travels in a vacuum in one Julian year.

Roughly 149.6 million km. Defined as the mean distance between the Earth and the Sun.

Estimated at 100,000 to 200,000 light-years. Measured by observing the distribution of stars in the galaxy.

Approximately 3.262 light-years or 30.857 trillion km. It's the distance at which one astronomical unit subtends an angle of one arcsecond.

About $1.989 \times 10^{30}$ kg. Measured through gravitational effects on nearby objects and orbital mechanics.

Estimated diameter of about 93 billion light-years. Inferred from the age of the universe and the speed of light.

Around 2.537 million light-years from Earth. Measured using variable stars and other standard candles.

About 26,000 light-years. Measured by tracking the orbits of stars near the galactic center.

Change in the wavelength of light due to the expansion of the universe. Quantified by the redshift parameter $z$.

It's the afterglow of the Big Bang, detected as a temperature of about 2.7 Kelvin throughout the universe.

The radius of a black hole's event horizon. For non-rotating black holes, it's calculated by $R_S = \frac{2GM}{c^2}$, where $G$ is the gravitational constant, $M$ is the mass, and $c$ is the speed of light.