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International Space Stations and Laboratories
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Voyager Interstellar Mission
Year established: Launch of Voyager 1 in 1977 and Voyager 2 in 1977, Purpose: To study the outer Solar System and beyond, Contributions to science: First human-made objects to enter interstellar space, provided key data on outer planets and their moons
LIGO Scientific Collaboration
Year established: The first observatory was completed in 1999, Purpose: Direct detection of gravitational waves, Contributions to science: First direct observation of gravitational waves in 2015, which confirmed a major prediction of Einstein's theory of general relativity
Chandra X-ray Observatory
Year established: 1999, Purpose: Observing X-rays from high-energy regions of the universe, Contributions to science: Imaging the emissions from hot gas regions of the universe, study of black holes and supernovae
International Space Station
Year established: 1998, Purpose: Microgravity research and international space cooperation, Contributions to science: Advancements in space medicine, understanding the impact of long-duration space flight on the human body, and numerous experiments in various scientific domains
Spitzer Space Telescope
Year established: 2003, Purpose: Infrared astronomy, Contributions to science: Provided detailed information about planets, comets, galaxies, and star-forming regions
CERN - Large Hadron Collider
Year established: 2008, Purpose: High-energy particle collisions to explore fundamental physics, Contributions to science: Discovery of the Higgs boson, advancing the Standard Model of particle physics
James Webb Space Telescope
Year established: Planned for 2021, Purpose: Infrared observation to study the universe's history, Contributions to science: Expected to provide insights into galaxy formation, star formation, and possibly find signs of life on exoplanets
Hubble Space Telescope
Year established: 1990, Purpose: Observing celestial objects in various wavelengths, Contributions to science: Expanding the understanding of the universe with detailed imagery, helping to determine the rate of expansion of the universe, finding exoplanets
Kepler Space Telescope
Year established: 2009, Purpose: Discovering Earth-size exoplanets in or near habitable zones, Contributions to science: Identification of more than 2,600 exoplanets, helped refine techniques for exoplanet discovery
Fermilab
Year established: 1967, Purpose: High-energy particle physics research, Contributions to science: Discovery of a number of subatomic particles including the bottom quark, top quark, and tau neutrino
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