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Banking Law Essentials
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Dodd-Frank Act
A comprehensive and complex piece of financial reform legislation aimed at preventing the recurrence of events that caused the 2008 financial crisis. Important for increasing transparency and accountability in the financial system.
Glass-Steagall Act
A law enacted in 1933 that separated commercial banking from investment banking, intended to prevent the conflicts of interest that were thought to have contributed to the 1929 stock market crash.
Basel Accords
International regulatory framework designed to ensure that financial institutions maintain enough capital to manage the risks they face and to protect the international financial system from collapsing.
Anti-Money Laundering (AML)
A set of laws, regulations, and procedures intended to prevent criminals from disguising illegally obtained funds as legitimate income. Critical for the integrity of the banking system and avoidance of legal sanctions.
Know Your Customer (KYC)
A component of AML that involves verifying the identity of the clients, understanding the nature of the clients' activities, and ensuring that client's activities are legitimate. Important for preventing fraud and money laundering.
Patriot Act
Enacted in response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks, it expanded the tools used to fight terrorism and increased the power of law enforcement agencies. Important in banking to prevent funding terrorism and money laundering.
Bank Secrecy Act (BSA)
Also known as the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act, it requires financial institutions in the United States to assist government agencies in detecting and preventing money laundering.
Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)
Enacted in 1977 to encourage depository institutions to help meet the credit needs of the communities in which they operate, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods, consistent with safe and sound banking operations.
Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA)
Promotes the accuracy, fairness, and privacy of information in the files of consumer reporting agencies. It's critical for protecting consumer information rights in the financial industry.
Truth in Lending Act (TILA)
Designed to protect consumers in credit transactions by requiring clear disclosure of key terms of the lending arrangement and all costs. Important for promoting informed use of credit by consumers.
Bankruptcy Code
The set of laws that govern the process by which individuals and entities that are unable to pay their debts can seek relief. Important in banking for managing credit risk and mitigating potential losses from defaults.
Electronic Fund Transfer Act (EFTA)
Provides consumers with certain rights and protections in electronic fund transfer transactions including the transfer of funds through ATMs, debit cards, and other electronic means. Important to establish the rights and liabilities of consumers.
Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA)
Prohibits credit discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, age, or because someone receives public assistance. Ensures fair access to credit for all consumers.
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA)
Also known as the Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999, it repealed the Glass-Steagall Act, allowing banks, insurers, and investment companies to merge. It's also important for providing guidelines on handling private consumer information.
Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Enacted in response to major corporate and accounting scandals, this act established new or enhanced standards for public company boards, management, and public accounting firms. Crucial for increasing transparency and protecting investors from fraudulent accounting activities.
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