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Archives files into a tarball. Example: tar cvf archive.tar files/

Executes a block of code until the condition becomes true. Example: until [ $count -ge 10 ]; do echo$count; ((count++)); done

Executes a block of code a set number of times. Example: for i in {1..5}; do echo $i; done$

Evaluates an arithmetic expression. Example: result=$((3 + 2))$

Changes the file mode (permissions). Example: chmod 755 script.sh

Sorts lines of text files. Example: sort names.txt

Specifies the interpreter for a script. Example: #!/bin/bash

Executes a block of code as long as the condition is true. Example: while [ $count -lt 10 ]; do echo$count; ((count++)); done

Accesses arguments passed to a script. Example: echo 'First arg: $1, Second arg:$2'

Captures the output of a command for use in another command or variable. Example: output=$(ls -l)$

Generates a simple menu from a list of items. Example: select item in list; do echo $item; done$

Parses options and arguments passed to the script. Example: while getopts 'ab:c' flag; do case $flag in a) echo '-a was used!'; esac; done$

Reads a line from standard input. Example: read -p 'Enter your name: ' name

Searches for patterns within files using regular expressions. Example: grep 'Hello' file.txt

Assigns a value to a variable. Example: greeting='Hello, World!'

Executes a block of code if a certain condition is true. Example: if [ $a -eq$b ]; then echo 'Equal'; fi

Defines a reusable block of code. Example: function greet { echo 'Hello, 1'; }

Streams editor for filtering and transforming text. Example: sed 's/old/new/g' file.txt

Runs a command immune to hangups. Example: nohup ./long_running_task &

Manipulates and retrieves information about variables. Example: echo ${name:-'Default'}$

Adds/removes directories to/from the directory stack. Example: pushd /tmp; popd

Redirects input into an interactive shell script or program. Example: cat << 'EOF' > file.txt Hello, World! EOF

Redirects input/output from/to a file or command. Example: echo 'Hello' > file.txt

Reports or omits repeated lines. Example: sort names.txt | uniq

Performs commands based on the success (exit status) of another. Example: make && echo 'Build succeeded' || echo 'Build failed'

Evaluates conditional expressions. Example: test $a -eq$b && echo 'Equal'

Runs a command in the background. Example: find / -name 'filename.txt' &

Searches for files in a directory hierarchy. Example: find / -name 'filename.txt'

Terminates a script or a function with an optional exit status. Example: exit 0

Programming language for text processing. Example: awk '/pattern/ { print 0 }' file.txt

Reads and executes commands from a file in the current shell session. Example: source ~/.bashrc

Prints the number of lines, words, and bytes in files. Example: wc -l file.txt

Displays a line of text/string that is passed as an argument. Example: echo 'Hello, World!'

Pipes the output of one command as input to another. Example: cat file.txt | grep 'Hello'

Retrieves the value of a variable. Example: echo $greeting$

Executes code based on a pattern match. Example: case $input in [yY]) echo 'Yes';; [nN]) echo 'No';; *) echo 'Invalid'; esac$

Removes sections from each line of files. Example: cut -d':' -f1 /etc/passwd

Treats the output or input of a process as a file. Example: diff <(ls dir1) <(ls dir2)

Generates arbitrary strings. Example: mv file.{txt,pdf}

Catches and responds to signals and system events. Example: trap 'echo Signal detected' SIGINT