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Used to create a new table. Syntax example: CREATE TABLE table_name (column1 datatype, column2 datatype, ...);

Returns all records from the left table, and the matched records from the right table. Syntax example: SELECT column1, column2 FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

Used to combine the result sets of two or more SELECT statements. Syntax example: SELECT column1 FROM table1 UNION SELECT column1 FROM table2;

Provides conditional logic within SQL. Syntax example: SELECT column1, CASE WHEN condition THEN result1 ELSE result2 END FROM table_name;

Used to return only distinct (different) values. Syntax example: SELECT DISTINCT column1 FROM table_name;

Used to filter records. Syntax example: SELECT column1 FROM table_name WHERE condition;

Used to insert new records. Syntax example: INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2) VALUES (value1, value2);

Used to create a new database. Syntax example: CREATE DATABASE dbname;

Used to create an index on table columns. Syntax example: CREATE INDEX idx_column ON table_name (column_name);

Used to delete all rows from a table without logging individual row deletions. Syntax example: TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

Used to delete a table. Syntax example: DROP TABLE table_name;

Used to undo transactions that haven't been saved to the database. Syntax example: ROLLBACK;

Used to add, delete, or modify columns in an existing table. Syntax example: ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype;

Used to select data from a database. Syntax example: SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name;

Used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a related column. Syntax example: SELECT column1, column2 FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

Used to modify existing records. Syntax example: UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2 WHERE condition;

Returns all records when there is a match in either left or right table. Syntax example: SELECT column1, column2 FROM table1 FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

Returns distinct rows that are available in both SELECT statement results. Syntax example: SELECT column1 FROM table1 INTERSECT SELECT column1 FROM table2;

Used to delete records. Syntax example: DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

Used with aggregate functions to group the result set by one or more columns. Syntax example: SELECT COUNT(column1), column2 FROM table_name GROUP BY column2;

Used to sort the result set. Syntax example: SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name ORDER BY column1 ASC, column2 DESC;

Used to filter records that work with aggregate functions. Syntax example: SELECT COUNT(column1), column2 FROM table_name GROUP BY column2 HAVING COUNT(column1) > 10;

Returns distinct rows from the first SELECT statement that are not in the second SELECT statement. Syntax example: SELECT column1 FROM table1 EXCEPT SELECT column1 FROM table2;

Specifies the database to be used. Syntax example: USE dbname;

Returns all records from the right table, and the matched records from the left table. Syntax example: SELECT column1, column2 FROM table1 RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;