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Doubling the chromosome number to produce polyploid organisms with enhanced characteristics. Example: Seedless watermelons.

Using chemical or physical mutagens to induce mutations and select new traits for crop improvement. Example: Disease-resistant varieties of wheat.

Process of choosing parents with particular characteristics to breed together and produce offspring with more desirable traits. Example: Domestic dogs with specific attributes.

Direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology. Example: Genetically modified crops like Bt corn.

Joining parts of plants so they grow as one plant. Used to combine the best characteristics of two plants. Example: Grafted fruit trees produce earlier or more resilient fruit.

Process of crossing two genetically different individuals to produce a hybrid with desirable traits from both parents. Example: Mule (horse and donkey hybrid).

Mating a hybrid offspring back with one of its parents or with an individual genetically similar to its parent, to achieve offspring with a genetic identity closer to the desired parent. Example: Canola varieties with specific oil content.