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Involves exchanging ions in the water with ions on a resin. Primarily used for water softening and as a pretreatment step before other desalination methods.

Separates ions from seawater using a series of membranes and an electric current. It is most effective when used to desalinate brackish water with lower salt content.

Involves boiling water at low pressures to reduce the boiling point, then condensing the steam into fresh water. It's commonly used on ships and submarines.

A process that uses electricity to remove ions from water by capturing them on charged electrodes. It is most effective in treating water with low to medium salt concentration.

Uses a hydrophobic membrane to allow only water vapor to pass through it when a heat source is applied, resulting in purified water. It's suitable for remote and off-grid locations.

Leverages osmotic pressure difference between a draw solution and saline water to move water through a membrane. Used in wastewater treatment and some drinking water augmentation.

Utilizes solar energy to evaporate water, which then condenses to form fresh water. This environmentally friendly method is often employed in remote, sunny regions with limited freshwater access.

Freezes saline water and then allows the ice to melt, separating the fresh water from salts. It's a less common method and can be used in polar regions or in conjunction with cold energy sources.

A membrane technology that removes ions, molecules, and larger particles from water by using pressure to overcome osmotic pressure. Commonly used in regions with limited freshwater sources, such as the Middle East.