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A comprehensive and complex piece of financial reform legislation aimed at preventing the recurrence of events that caused the 2008 financial crisis. Its implications include increased regulatory oversight and the establishment of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB).

A law that established a separation between investment banking and commercial banking but was largely repealed by the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999. Its objective was to prevent the conflicts of interest that can occur when banks engage in both types of business.

A series of international banking regulations developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, which provide recommendations on banking laws and regulations, aimed at enhancing the stability of international financial systems.

Legislation intended to encourage commercial banks and savings associations to help meet the needs of borrowers in all segments of their communities, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods.

A federal law designed to promote the informed use of consumer credit by requiring disclosures about its terms and cost. The act also gives consumers the right to cancel certain credit transactions that involve a lien on a consumer's principal dwelling.

Legislation enacted to combat money laundering and other financial crimes. It requires financial institutions to keep certain records of transactions and to report suspicious activity that might signify money laundering, tax evasion, or other criminal activities.

A federal law that regulates the collection, dissemination, and use of consumer credit information. It is intended to protect consumers from the willful and/or negligent inclusion of inaccurate information in their credit reports.

A federal law that protects consumers engaging in the transfer of funds through electronic methods. This includes various types of financial transactions such as ATM transfers, direct deposits, and point-of-sale transactions.

An act that expanded the authority of U.S. law enforcement for the stated purpose of fighting terrorist acts in the United States and abroad. This includes enhanced sanctions for banking institutions that fail to implement robust anti-money laundering (AML) systems.

Legislation that repealed portions of the Glass-Steagall Act and allowed financial institutions to offer a combination of commercial, investment, and insurance services. It also includes the Financial Privacy Rule, which governs the collection and disclosure of private financial information.

A U.S. government corporation providing deposit insurance to depositors in US banks. It was created to maintain public confidence and encourage stability in the financial system through the promotion of sound banking practices.

A federal agency that serves to charter, regulate, and supervise all national banks and thrift institutions. It is an independent bureau of the U.S. Department of the Treasury.

An agency of the United States government responsible for consumer protection in the financial sector. The CFPB's jurisdiction includes banks, credit unions, securities firms, payday lenders, mortgage-servicing operations, foreclosure relief services, debt collectors, and other financial companies operating in the United States.

A set of laws, regulations, and procedures intended to prevent criminals from disguising illegally obtained funds as legitimate income. AML laws require financial institutions to monitor customers’ transactions and report on suspicious financial actives.

A component of AML efforts requiring financial institutions to verify the identity of individuals doing business with them. It includes policies to identify customers and understand the financial dealings to prevent money laundering activities.

Part of the Dodd-Frank Act that restricts United States banks from making certain kinds of speculative investments that do not benefit their customers. It aims to prevent financial institutions from taking too much risk by barring them from proprietary trading and having certain interests in hedge funds or private equity funds.

A simulation technique used on asset and liability portfolios to determine their reactions to different financial situations. Banks conduct stress tests to measure how a bank would deal with economic crises.

A measurement of a bank's available capital expressed as a percentage of a bank's risk-weighted credit exposures. The CAR is used to protect depositors and promote the stability and efficiency of financial systems around the world.

A requirement under the Basel III international banking standards that aims to ensure that financial institutions maintain an adequate level of unencumbered high-quality liquid assets that can be converted easily and immediately in private markets to meet their liquidity needs for a 30-calendar day liquidity stress scenario.

A long-term liquidity measurement, introduced by the Basel III standards, designed to ensure that banks maintain a stable funding structure in relation to their assets and off-balance sheet activities over a one-year time horizon.

Assets that are weighted according to credit risk, which helps determine the minimum amount of capital that must be held to reduce the risk of insolvency. RWA calculations are used to determine the minimum amount of capital that must be held by banks as a requirement of the Basel Accords.

The yearly rate that is charged for borrowing (or made by investing), which represents the actual yearly cost of funds over the term of a loan. This rate includes any fees or additional costs associated with the transaction.

A U.S. government agency that regulates and supervises federal credit unions. NCUA also provides deposit insurance to credit union members through the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund (NCUSIF).

A financial intelligence and enforcement agency of the U.S. Treasury Department that administers and enforces economic and trade sanctions based on U.S. foreign policy and national security goals.

A federal law that helps consumers become better shoppers for settlement services and eliminates kickbacks and referral fees that unnecessarily increase the costs of certain settlement services.

A federal law that set new or enhanced standards for all U.S. public company boards, management, and public accounting firms. It contains provisions relevant to the financial services industry, including requirements for loan recordkeeping.

A report that U.S. financial institutions are required to file with FinCEN for each transaction in currency that exceeds $10,000. The report is used to report cash transactions that can signal illegal activities or money laundering.$

A document that financial institutions must file with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) following a suspected incident of money laundering or fraud. It is one of the tools provided by the Bank Secrecy Act to combat financial crime.

A requirement that savings and loan associations and savings banks must meet to ensure they are primarily focused on residential mortgage lending. The test is used to maintain the focus of thrifts on home financing.

The interest rate at which depository institutions (banks and credit unions) lend reserve balances to other depository institutions overnight. The rate is set by the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) and is a significant tool for monetary policy.

Created by the Dodd-Frank Act, FSOC provides comprehensive monitoring of the stability of America’s financial system. It is charged with identifying risks to the financial stability of the United States, promoting market discipline, and responding to emerging threats to the stability of the United States financial system.

A federal law requiring financial institutions to provide mortgage data to the public. HMDA was enacted by Congress in 1975 and is implemented by the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) to help show whether lenders are serving the housing needs of their communities and to identify possible discriminatory lending patterns.

A nongovernmental organization that regulates member brokerage firms and exchange markets. FINRA oversees the operations of the Nasdaq stock market, the American Stock Exchange, the New York Stock Exchange, and other major securities markets.

A financial derivative that allows an investor to 'swap' or offset their credit risk with that of another investor. It is essentially an insurance policy on the default risk of a corporate or sovereign bond, often discussed with regard to its role in the 2008 financial crisis.