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The condition of a ship in terms of design, maintenance, and equipment to be suitable for the intended voyage.

A specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for regulating shipping, focused on safety, environmental concerns, and legal matters.

The introduction of harmful substances or products into the ocean, including chemicals, waste, and toxins, which are regulated internationally, notably by MARPOL.

A tax system where the tax amount is based on the volume or carrying capacity of a merchant ship rather than the traditional income or corporate tax.

A legal claim against a ship for debts related to the ship or sea venture such as repairs, salvage, or crew wages.

Official documents issued by the carrier to the shipper detailing the type, quantity, and destination of the goods being carried.

The process of documenting a ship's ownership and nationality; required by international law for traveling on international waters.

Legal instruments used to secure a loan or financing on a vessel, granting a maritime lien on the ship as collateral.

A court that has jurisdiction over maritime cases and disputes, applying maritime and common law principles.

A set of rules that form an international convention to establish a minimum level of obligations for carriers under a bill of lading.

International maritime rules, also known as COLREGs, governing the movement of vessels in relation to each other to avoid collisions at sea.

A government license in the Age of Sail that authorized a private person to attack and capture vessels of a nation at war with the issuer.

The principle requiring all parties in a sea adventure to proportionately share any losses resulting from voluntary sacrifices of part of the ship or cargo to save the whole in an emergency.

Legal rules and principles related to the capture of ships and cargoes on the high seas during the war.

Measures taken to protect vessels, ports, and facilities from threats such as piracy, terrorism, and other criminal activities.

The compensation awarded to those who voluntarily help recover a ship, cargo, or lives from a peril at sea.

A financial penalty imposed on charterers for delaying a vessel's cargo operations beyond the laytime originally agreed.

The amount of time allowed (in hours or days) for loading or unloading cargo without incurring demurrage charges.

The transportation of goods or passengers between two places in the same country by a foreign vessel or an aircraft, often restricted or regulated by law.