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Organized the Spanish expedition to the East Indies resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth.

Made detailed maps of Newfoundland, the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, and the Great Barrier Reef; first European to have contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands.

First European to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named 'The Country of Canadas.'

Conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico, claiming the land for Spain and setting the precedent for European colonization of the Americas.

Reached the New World, landing on various Caribbean islands, set the stage for the exploration of the Americas.

First to reach India by sea linking Europe and Asia for the first time by an ocean route, leading to the age of global imperialism.

Conquered the Inca Empire in Peru, and established Spanish rule over much of South America.

Believed to be the first European to set foot on North American soil, landing in what he called Vinland (today Newfoundland).

The first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and was influential in defeating the Spanish Armada.

Had various adventures across Asia and Africa, sought the source of the Nile, and translated 'The Thousand and One Nights' into English.

Known for his voyages to the Southern Hemisphere, the first known European to reach the islands of Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) and New Zealand.

Initiated the Age of Discovery and the expansion of Portugal's trade routes and empire. Sponsored early voyages of exploration around the African coast.

Explored the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, the Mississippi River, and the Gulf of Mexico. He claimed the entire Mississippi Basin for France.

Travelled through Asia along the Silk Road and reached China, being one of the first Westerners to chronicle the regions he visited.

Explored much of Africa's interior, promoted missions and trade there, and famously sought the source of the Nile River.

First to reach the South Pole, led the first successful traversal of the Northwest Passage, and was among the first to explore the Arctic by air.

Explored the Southeastern United States, from Florida to the Mississippi, and was the first European documented to cross the Mississippi River.

Commanded expeditionary voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, Western Asia, and East Africa from 1405 to 1433.

Explored the Northeast coast of North America, claiming the region for England and the first since the Norse to explore the mainland.