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Graph Theory Theorems

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Four Color Theorem

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Every planar graph can be colored with at most four colors in such a way that no two adjacent vertices have the same color.

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Erdős–Gallai Theorem

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A sequence of non-negative integers can be the degree sequence of a simple graph if and only if the sum of the sequence is even and does not violate Erdős–Gallai inequality.

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Cayley's Formula

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The number of trees on nn labeled vertices is nn2n^{n-2}.

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Dijkstra's Shortest Path Theorem

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Given a graph with weighted edges and a single source vertex, Dijkstra's algorithm computes the shortest path from the source to all other vertices in the graph.

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Euler's Formula

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For any finite, connected, planar graph, VE+F=2V - E + F = 2, where VV is the number of vertices, EE is the number of edges, and FF is the number of faces.

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Fleury’s Algorithm

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A method for finding an Eulerian path or circuit, which starts at any vertex and follows edges through every vertex of the graph exactly once.

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Handshaking Lemma

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In any undirected graph, the sum of the degrees of all vertices is equal to twice the number of edges: vVdeg(v)=2E\sum_{v \in V} \deg(v) = 2|E|.

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König's Theorem

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In a bipartite graph, the number of edges in a maximum matching is equal to the number of vertices in a minimum vertex cover.

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Ramsey's Theorem

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For any given integers rr and ss, there exists a minimum integer NN such that any graph of at least NN vertices will contain either a complete subgraph of rr vertices or an independent set of ss vertices.

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Vizing's Theorem

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The chromatic index of a simple graph GG (i.e., the minimum number of colors needed to color the edges of GG such that no two adjacent edges have the same color) is either equal to its maximum degree Δ\Delta or to Δ+1\Delta + 1.

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Hall's Marriage Theorem

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Given a bipartite graph, there exists a matching that matches all vertices of the left set to distinct vertices in the right set if and only if for every subset of vertices of the left set, the number of neighbors is at least the number of vertices in the subset.

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Kuratowski's Theorem

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A finite graph is planar if and only if it does not contain a subgraph that is a subdivision of K5 (the complete graph on five vertices) or K3,3 (the complete bipartite graph on six vertices, three of which connect to each of the other three).

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