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Measure-Theoretic Probability
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Probability Space
A probability space is a measure space where is the sample space, is a sigma-algebra of events, and is a probability measure with .
Sigma-Algebra
A sigma-algebra over a set is a collection of subsets of that includes the empty set, is closed under complementation, and is closed under countable unions.
Probability Measure
A probability measure is a function from a sigma-algebra to the interval such that , it is countably additive, and .
Random Variable
A random variable is a measurable function from a probability space into a measurable space, typically , where is the Borel sigma-algebra on the real numbers.
Expected Value
The expected value of a random variable , denoted , is the integral in a probability space , providing a measure of the 'center' of the distribution of .
Variance
The variance of a random variable is a measure of the spread of its distribution, defined as .
Independence
Two events and in a probability space are independent if . For random variables, independence means the joint distribution factors into the product of the marginals.
Conditional Probability
Given two events and with , the conditional probability is defined as .
Law of Total Probability
If is a countable partition of the sample space , then for any event in , given that each .
Borel-Cantelli Lemma
If is a sequence of events in a probability space, then if the sum of the probabilities is finite, i.e., , the probability that infinitely many of them occur is 0.
Almost Sure Convergence
A sequence of random variables converges almost surely to a random variable if . It implies that the set of for which does not converge to has probability zero.
Convergence in Probability
A sequence of random variables converges in probability to a random variable if for every , .
Convergence in Distribution
A sequence of random variables converges in distribution to a random variable if for every continuity point of the distribution function , , where and are the respective cumulative distribution functions.
Lp-Spaces
The -space is a vector space of equivalence classes of measurable functions for which the -th power of the absolute value is integrable, defined by the norm .
Fatou's Lemma
Fatou's Lemma states that for any sequence of non-negative measurable functions , .
Monotone Convergence Theorem
The Monotone Convergence Theorem states that if is a sequence of non-negative measurable functions increasing to , then .
Dominated Convergence Theorem
The Dominated Convergence Theorem states that if are measurable, a.e., and there exists an integrable function such that a.e., then .
Radon-Nikodym Theorem
The Radon-Nikodym Theorem states that if and are two sigma-finite measures on a space , and is absolutely continuous with respect to , there exists a measurable function such that for all .
Fubini's Theorem
Fubini's Theorem allows the interchange of integration order for product spaces, stating that if is a measurable function on , then , provided the integrals are absolutely convergent.
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