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Founder: Michael Chekhov. Key principles: actors work with imagination and the 'psychological gesture' to create internal and external expression rooted in body language.

Founder: Sanford Meisner. Key principles: actors build authenticity through emotional preparation, the 'reality of doing', and improvisation that focuses on reaction and relationship.

Founder: Stella Adler. Key principles: her approach emphasizes imagination in addition to emotional recall, script analysis as a way to discover character motivation, and a belief that 'growth as an actor and as a human being are synonymous'.

Founder: Jerzy Grotowski. Key principles: an intensive exploration of the actor-audience relationship, actor's use of voice and body, and pushing the limits of physical and emotional expression, touted as 'poor theatre'.

Key principles: a technique focused on voice and speech, physicality, and a deep understanding of classical texts, usually Shakespearean and Ancient Greek plays.

Founder: Rudolf Laban. Key principles: a method and language for describing, visualizing, interpreting and documenting all varieties of human movement, using categories such as Weight, Space, Time, and Flow.

Founder: F. Matthias Alexander. Key principles: a methodology that teaches actors how to release harmful tension and perform with more ease and fluidity by improving posture and movement.

Founder: Konstantin Stanislavski. Key principles: actors cultivate a believable truth, emotional memory, the 'magic if', relaxation, and concentration.

Founder: Lee Strasberg. Key principles: actors deeply embody their characters by recalling personal emotions, extensive character analysis, substitution, affective memory, the 'magic if'.

Founders: David Mamet and William H. Macy. Key principles: a philosophy of acting rooted in the simplicity of the work, given circumstances, character intention, and 'As If'.

Founder: Originally by Mary Overlie and further developed by Anne Bogart. Key principles: awareness of movement, gesture and timing, spatial relationship, and storytelling through a physicalized narrative.