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Developed by Antonin Artaud, this movement sought to shock the audience and disturb the senses, rejecting conventional theatre forms. Influential figures include Antonin Artaud.

Focused on realism, everyday life, and socio-economic issues. Influential figures include Émile Zola and Konstantin Stanislavski.

Based on the idea that theatre can be used as a tool for social and political change; emphasizes audience interaction and participation. Influential figures include Augusto Boal.

Explored the absurdity of human existence, often with circular or nonsensical dialogue and plot. Influential figures include Samuel Beckett and Eugène Ionesco.

Emphasized the expression of ideas and emotions over realistic representations, using metaphorical imagery. Influential figures include Maurice Maeterlinck and Paul Fort.

Developed by Bertolt Brecht, aimed to incite social change; used techniques like the alienation effect to prevent audience emotional involvement. Influential figures include Bertolt Brecht and Erwin Piscator.

Focused on the domestic lives of the working class, featuring everyday domestic crises. Influential figures include John Osborne and Arnold Wesker.

Celebrated technology, violence, and modernity; sought to destroy older forms of culture. Influential figures include Filippo Tommaso Marinetti and Fortunato Depero.

Focused on the absurd, the nonsensical, and the anti-art sentiment; a response to World War I. Influential figures include Tristan Tzara and Hugo Ball.

Sought to express the meaning of emotional experience rather than physical reality; characterized by distorted and dreamlike scenes. Influential figures include Ernst Toller and Georg Kaiser.

Emphasizes the use of physical movement, as opposed to, or combined with, text to convey story, emotion, and meaning. Influential figures include Jerzy Grotowski and Pina Bausch.