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Major Ethical Theories

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Principlism

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An approach grounded in four key ethical principles: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. In bioethics, Principlism is used to balance these principles when making clinical and ethical decisions in healthcare.

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Utilitarianism

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An ethical framework that judges actions by their consequences, specifically aiming to maximize overall happiness or utility. In bioethics, Utilitarianism may be applied to evaluate public health policies based on the greatest good for the greatest number.

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Care Ethics

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An ethical approach that prioritizes interpersonal relationships and the ethics of care. In bioethics, Care Ethics is applied to emphasize the physician-patient relationship and the importance of care and empathy in healthcare decisions.

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Virtue Ethics

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Focuses on the character and virtues of an individual rather than specific actions. In bioethics, Virtue Ethics encourages healthcare providers to cultivate virtues like empathy, compassion, and wisdom in medical practice.

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Deontology

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An ethical framework that emphasizes following moral rules or duties. In bioethics, Deontology can dictate that certain rights and duties, such as patient autonomy and confidentiality, must be respected regardless of outcomes.

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Feminist Bioethics

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Centers on how gender intersects with healthcare decisions and ethics. Feminist Bioethics addresses the implications of gender inequality and aims to uncover ways in which healthcare practices can perpetuate gender biases.

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