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Jean-Paul Sartre’s Concepts
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Situation
The context within which individuals find themselves, encompassing both facticity and freedom through which they must navigate and assert themselves.
Bad Faith (mauvaise foi)
The phenomenon where individuals deceive themselves to evade the responsibility of acknowledging their freedom and the associated anxiety of making choices.
Existence precedes essence
The existentialist claim that humans create their own nature through actions, as opposed to having a predefined essence, challenging traditional metaphysics.
Authenticity
Living in accordance with one's own values and beliefs despite external pressures, an existentialist mandate for individual self-realization.
Being-for-itself (être-pour-soi)
Denotes the conscious being, highlighting human existence as fluid, projecting itself into the future, and capable of transcendence.
Being-in-itself (être-en-soi)
Refers to objects that exist independent of human consciousness, characterizing them as fixed and without potential for change.
The Look (Le Regard)
How the gaze of the other situates individuals, making them self-aware and influencing their actions through the feeling of being observed.
Totalization
The process by which individuals assimilate experiences and define their world, while acknowledging that this definition is temporary and subject to change.
Freedom
A central tenet in Sartre's philosophy emphasizing the ability of human consciousness to make choices and impose meanings onto the world.
Transcendence
In Sartrean existentialism, the act of surpassing one's current state or situation, reflecting the dynamic aspect of human existence.
Project (projet)
The individual's pursuit of future-oriented goals or visions, which propels them beyond their current state and towards self-formation.
Freedom of choice
Emphasizes individual autonomy and the capacity to make decisions independently, free from deterministic constraints.
Despair
Acceptance of the limits of one's control and the rejection of false hope in existentialism, leading to a clearer assessment of actionable possibilities.
Nothingness (néant)
Central to Sartre's existentialism, it indicates a void or absence at the heart of being, through which humans define themselves by what they are not.
Anguish
The feeling experienced when one comprehends the extent of one's freedom and the absolute responsibility towards oneself and others.
The Other
The recognition of another consciousness outside one's own, which is essential for the constitution of the self and social relationships.
Facticity
Refers to the concrete details against the background of which human freedom exists and is limited, encompassing the uncontrollable aspects of life.
Absurd
The dissonance between the human desire for order and meaning and the apparent meaninglessness or irrationality of the world.
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