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Jean-Paul Sartre’s Concepts

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Situation

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The context within which individuals find themselves, encompassing both facticity and freedom through which they must navigate and assert themselves.

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Bad Faith (mauvaise foi)

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The phenomenon where individuals deceive themselves to evade the responsibility of acknowledging their freedom and the associated anxiety of making choices.

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Existence precedes essence

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The existentialist claim that humans create their own nature through actions, as opposed to having a predefined essence, challenging traditional metaphysics.

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Authenticity

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Living in accordance with one's own values and beliefs despite external pressures, an existentialist mandate for individual self-realization.

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Being-for-itself (être-pour-soi)

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Denotes the conscious being, highlighting human existence as fluid, projecting itself into the future, and capable of transcendence.

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Being-in-itself (être-en-soi)

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Refers to objects that exist independent of human consciousness, characterizing them as fixed and without potential for change.

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The Look (Le Regard)

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How the gaze of the other situates individuals, making them self-aware and influencing their actions through the feeling of being observed.

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Totalization

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The process by which individuals assimilate experiences and define their world, while acknowledging that this definition is temporary and subject to change.

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Freedom

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A central tenet in Sartre's philosophy emphasizing the ability of human consciousness to make choices and impose meanings onto the world.

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Transcendence

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In Sartrean existentialism, the act of surpassing one's current state or situation, reflecting the dynamic aspect of human existence.

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Project (projet)

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The individual's pursuit of future-oriented goals or visions, which propels them beyond their current state and towards self-formation.

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Freedom of choice

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Emphasizes individual autonomy and the capacity to make decisions independently, free from deterministic constraints.

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Despair

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Acceptance of the limits of one's control and the rejection of false hope in existentialism, leading to a clearer assessment of actionable possibilities.

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Nothingness (néant)

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Central to Sartre's existentialism, it indicates a void or absence at the heart of being, through which humans define themselves by what they are not.

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Anguish

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The feeling experienced when one comprehends the extent of one's freedom and the absolute responsibility towards oneself and others.

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The Other

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The recognition of another consciousness outside one's own, which is essential for the constitution of the self and social relationships.

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Facticity

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Refers to the concrete details against the background of which human freedom exists and is limited, encompassing the uncontrollable aspects of life.

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Absurd

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The dissonance between the human desire for order and meaning and the apparent meaninglessness or irrationality of the world.

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