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A method of argument that emphasizes the contradiction between opposing views, forces, or ideas, and seeks to resolve them to find the truth or reach a synthesis.

A concept developed by Antonio Gramsci referring to the dominance of one social group over others, not by force but by manipulating the cultural landscape.

A process by which social relations are perceived as inherent attributes of objects, thus considering human creations as if they are natural or given.

A term used to describe how the ideology of the ruling class disguises the true nature of social relations and prevents the proletariat from recognizing their exploitation.

Groups in society who are socially, politically, and geographically outside of the hegemonic power structure, as defined by Antonio Gramsci.

The process by which theory is enacted, embodied, or realized through action, particularly in the pursuit of social change.

A mode of thought focused on control and domination, using reason as a tool to achieve ends rather than to enlighten understanding.

A concept from Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer that criticizes mass-produced culture and its impact on society as a tool for domination.

The process by which individuals recognize themselves within the dominant ideology, thus accepting the values and norms imposed by those in power.

A systematic body of concepts, especially about human life or culture, that is widely shared among a group and that guides norms, values, and actions.

A form of reification where the true economic value and social relations embedded in commodities are obscured and goods are attributed mystical properties.

The influence or control over societies by ruling classes or groups, through a combination of force and, more subtly, through ideology and culture.

An image or representation of someone or something, often used in postmodern thought to signify a copy without an original, or a reality replaced by its representation.

A political approach that foregrounds the political interests of specific social groups based on shared aspects of their identities, such as race, gender, sexuality, etc.

A philosophical and literary method, developed by Jacques Derrida, which critically questions traditional assumptions about certainty, identity, and truth; suggests alternative interpretations.

Ways of speaking or writing about reality that shape understanding of a topic within a particular society or context and are produced by power relations.

A concept introduced by Michel Foucault referring to the governance of bodies and populations through regimes of control over biological life.

The process of making actions or thought processes systematic, predictable, and governed by rules and regulations, often through bureaucracies or technologies.

The process of casting a group, ethnicity, or nationality as different or alien, thus distancing and often dehumanizing them compared to the dominant group.