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Retributive Justice is the aspect of justice that concerns the punishment of wrongdoing, focusing on the proper response to crime. Theoretical implications include debates about the ethical basis and efficacy of punishment.

Natural rights are rights thought to be inherent and universal because they are considered given by nature or God, not dependent on human laws or beliefs.

Distributive justice concerns the nature of a socially just allocation of goods and how to distribute wealth equitably among members of a society.

Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status. They are often understood as inalienable and universal.

Social Contract Theory posits that people live together in society in accordance with an agreement that establishes moral and political rules of behavior. Some people believe that if the government fails to secure their rights or satisfy the best interests of society, citizens can withdraw their obligation to obey or change the leadership through elections or other means.

Political freedom is the absence of oppression and the right to participate in political discourse and decision-making. It includes rights such as freedom of speech, association, and the press.

Social justice is a concept that aims for a society in which the distribution of resources is equitable and all members are physically and psychologically safe and secure.

Pluralism is a theory of governance or power structures that believes in the distribution of power across multiple authorities or points of view, recognizing a diversity of interests and beliefs.

The rule of law is a principle where all members of a society, including lawmakers and government officials, are considered equally subject to publicly disclosed legal codes and processes.

Equality before the law is the principle that each individual is subject to the same laws, with no individual or group having special legal privileges. It's essential for fair justice systems and the protection of rights.

Utilitarianism is a moral theory that advocates actions that maximize happiness and well-being for the majority. The implications for justice are significant, as it can justify sacrificing an individual's good for the greater good.

Consent of the governed is a concept originating from social contract theory which posits that a government's legitimacy and moral right to use state power is only justified and lawful when consented to by the people over whom that political power is exercised.

Civil rights are protections and privileges given to all citizens by law. Civil rights movements have been critical in promoting legislation to correct injustices and discrimination based on race, gender, and other statuses.

Justice as Fairness is John Rawls' political philosophy which argues that the fairest justice system is one that would be designed behind a 'veil of ignorance' where no one knows his or her own social standing or natural abilities.

Property rights are the legal conventions about the ownership and control of property. The implications for political philosophy include discussions of individual autonomy, wealth distribution, and resource management.