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A method elaborated by Foucault that involves the historical study of the emergence and transformation of ideas and practices, showing that what we take to be permanent truths are often the result of historical contingencies.

A major work by Foucault in which he analyzes the historical changes in the fundamental structures of human knowledge, or 'episteme', that underlie the sciences and humanities.

A concept developed by Foucault to describe spaces of otherness, which are neither here nor there, that are simultaneously physical and mental, such as prisons, gardens, or museums, and that disrupt the continuity and normality of common space.

Describes the way in which the state exercises control over the population through a series of government practices and regimes; it involves a complex form of power that operates through institutions, procedures, and tactics.

Foucault's book that examines the history of the treatment of the mentally ill and the shifts in societal perceptions of madness, arguing that it has been used as a social control mechanism.

One of Foucault's seminal works, which traces the history of the modern penal system and its focus on disciplining the body and mind rather than simply punishing acts, leading to more pervasive control mechanisms within society.

Refers to ways of speaking and producing knowledge that create social realities; Foucault considers discourse to shape norms, social expectations, and what is considered true or false within a particular society.

A form of power exercised on bodies on a mass scale, where regulatory controls over populations and the optimization of life characteristics are central; Foucault explores how state apparatuses manage citizens' health, hygiene, sexuality, etc.

A methodology proposed by Foucault to uncover the historical rules, structures, and systems of thought that govern the production of knowledge within a specific period.

Foucault's analysis on the transformation of medical perception during the Enlightenment period, discussing the shift in the approach to treating patients and the emergence of the 'clinical gaze'.

Foucault's history of sexuality explores how discourse around sex has been used for social control, tying it to power structures and the emergence of sexual identities, which are historically and socially constructed rather than innate.

A concept that suggests knowledge and power are mutually constitutive; Foucault argues that power relations produce discourses of truth that are inherently tied to systems of social control.

The principle of a Panopticon, a design for prisons, allows all inmates to be observed by a single guard without knowing whether they are watched; it's a metaphor for modern disciplinary societies and how power is internalized.