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General Intelligence: Spearman proposed that intelligence is a single general factor, termed 'g', that underlies all cognitive abilities. Critical elements include 'specific intelligence' (s) for particular tasks and the idea that 'g' is measurable and hereditary.

Theory of Multiple Intelligences: Gardner challenged the idea of a single intelligence measure, suggesting that individuals have several independent intelligences, including linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalistic.

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence: Sternberg proposed three fundamental aspects of intelligence: analytical (problem-solving abilities), creative (ability to deal with novel situations), and practical (ability to adapt to everyday life). These can be seen as responses to the environment and as a combination of internal and external factors.

Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence: Cattell distinguished between two types of cognitive abilities: fluid intelligence, which is the ability to solve novel problems, and crystallized intelligence, which involves using knowledge acquired through experience.