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Seismology Basics

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Seismograph (Seismometer)

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An instrument that measures and records details of earthquakes, such as force and duration.

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Rayleigh Waves

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A type of surface seismic wave that rolls along the ground like a wave rolls across a lake or an ocean.

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Epicenter

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The point on the Earth's surface located directly above the hypocenter or focus, the point where an earthquake originates.

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Tsunami

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A series of ocean waves with extremely long wavelengths caused by large-scale disturbances such as earthquakes under the ocean floor.

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S-Waves (Secondary Waves)

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A type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side. Slower than P-waves and can only move through solids.

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Richter Scale

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A scale that measures the magnitude of an earthquake, determined from the logarithm of the amplitude of waves recorded by seismographs.

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Moment Magnitude Scale

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A scale that measures the total energy released by an earthquake, considered more accurate and consistent than the Richter Scale for large earthquakes.

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Seismology

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The scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth or through other planet-like bodies.

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Liquefaction

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A phenomenon wherein saturated soil substantially loses strength and stiffness in response to an applied stress such as shaking during an earthquake, causing it to behave like a liquid.

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Fault

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A fracture in the Earth's crust along which movement has occurred, often associated with earthquakes.

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P-Waves (Primary Waves)

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A type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground. The first waves to reach the seismic stations following an earthquake.

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Love Waves

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A type of surface seismic wave that causes horizontal shifting of the Earth during an earthquake.

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Hypocenter (Focus)

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The point within the Earth where an earthquake rupture starts.

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Aftershock

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A smaller earthquake that follows a larger event (the mainshock) and originates close to the original epicenter.

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Seismic Waves

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Waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers as a result of an earthquake, explosion, or a volcano that gives out energy.

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