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The point on the Earth's surface located directly above the hypocenter or focus, the point where an earthquake originates.

The point within the Earth where an earthquake rupture starts.

Waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers as a result of an earthquake, explosion, or a volcano that gives out energy.

A type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground. The first waves to reach the seismic stations following an earthquake.

A type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side. Slower than P-waves and can only move through solids.

A scale that measures the magnitude of an earthquake, determined from the logarithm of the amplitude of waves recorded by seismographs.

A scale that measures the total energy released by an earthquake, considered more accurate and consistent than the Richter Scale for large earthquakes.

An instrument that measures and records details of earthquakes, such as force and duration.

A phenomenon wherein saturated soil substantially loses strength and stiffness in response to an applied stress such as shaking during an earthquake, causing it to behave like a liquid.

A series of ocean waves with extremely long wavelengths caused by large-scale disturbances such as earthquakes under the ocean floor.

A type of surface seismic wave that causes horizontal shifting of the Earth during an earthquake.

A type of surface seismic wave that rolls along the ground like a wave rolls across a lake or an ocean.

The scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth or through other planet-like bodies.

A smaller earthquake that follows a larger event (the mainshock) and originates close to the original epicenter.