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Animal Symbiosis Examples
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Commensalism
Barnacles and Whales - Barnacles get free transportation, whales unaffected
Parasitism
Fleas and Dogs - Fleas get blood meal, dogs suffer irritation
Commensalism
Remoras and Sharks - Remoras get free rides, sharks unaffected
Mutualism
Oxpeckers and Zebras - Oxpeckers eat ticks, zebras get pest control
Parasitism
Tapeworms and Humans - Tapeworms absorb nutrients, humans can suffer malnutrition
Mutualism
Clownfish and Anemones - Clownfish get protection, anemones get cleaning
Mutualism
Cleaner Fish and Groupers - Cleaner fish eat parasites, groupers get cleaned
Commensalism
Epiphytic plants and Trees - Epiphytes get support, trees unaffected
Parasitism
Mosquitoes and Humans - Mosquitoes take blood, humans can get diseases
Mutualism
Acacia Ants and Acacia Trees - Ants get food and habitat, trees get protection from herbivores
Commensalism
Mites and Beetles - Mites attach to beetles for transport, beetles unaffected
Parasitism
Vampire Bats and Host Animals - Bats consume host blood, host animals can suffer blood loss and infections
Mutualism
Pistol Shrimp and Goby Fish - Shrimp digs burrows, goby provides lookout
Commensalism
Shark-sucking fish and Sharks - Fish get transportation and food scraps, sharks unaffected
Parasitism
Sea Lice and Salmon - Sea lice feed on mucus, blood, and skin, salmon can get weakened or die
Mutualism
Yucca Moths and Yucca Plants - Moths pollinate yucca plants, moths lay eggs in flowers
Commensalism
Army Ants and Antbirds - Antbirds feed on insects disturbed by ants, ants unaffected
Mutualism
Bees and Flowers - Bees get nectar, flowers get pollinated
Commensalism
Hyenas and Lions - Hyenas scavenge remains of lion kills, lions typically unaffected
Mutualism
Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria and Legumes - Bacteria convert to ammonia, legumes get nitrogen in usable form
Parasitism
Brood parasites like the Cuckoo and Warblers - Cuckoos lay eggs in warbler nests, warblers raise cuckoo chicks to the detriment of their own
Parasitism
Lice and Humans - Lice feed on human blood, humans can get itching and irritation
Mutualism
Mycorrhizae and Plants - Mycorrhizae expand root surface, plants improve nutrient uptake
Mutualism
Gobies and Pistol Shrimp - Gobies watch for danger, shrimp provide shared burrow
Commensalism
Cattle Egrets and Cattle - Egrets eat insects flushed by cattle, cattle unaffected
Parasitism
Giant Kidney Worm and Mammals - Worms infect the kidney, mammals suffer organ damage
Commensalism
Man-of-War Fish and Portuguese Man o' War - Fish immune to nematocysts, gets protection, Man o' War unaffected
Parasitism
Candiru Fish and Host Fish - Candiru feeds on blood and tissue, host fish harmed
Commensalism
Pseudoscorpions and Larger Insects - Pseudoscorpions hitch rides for dispersal, larger insects unafflicted
Commensalism
Spider Crabs and Sea Anemones - Crabs get camouflage, anemones get nothing
Parasitism
Ticks and Deer - Ticks consume blood, deer may get Lyme disease
Mutualism
Ants and Aphids - Ants protect aphids, aphids provide honeydew
Commensalism
Silverfish and Army Ants - Silverfish eat crumbs and debris in ant trails, ants unaffected
Mutualism
Gut Microbes and Humans - Microbes help digest food, humans provide habitat and nutrition
Parasitism
Leucochloridium and Snails - Parasites manipulate host's behavior, snails become more visible to predators
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