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Animal Symbiosis Examples

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Commensalism

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Barnacles and Whales - Barnacles get free transportation, whales unaffected

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Parasitism

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Fleas and Dogs - Fleas get blood meal, dogs suffer irritation

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Commensalism

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Remoras and Sharks - Remoras get free rides, sharks unaffected

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Mutualism

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Oxpeckers and Zebras - Oxpeckers eat ticks, zebras get pest control

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Parasitism

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Tapeworms and Humans - Tapeworms absorb nutrients, humans can suffer malnutrition

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Mutualism

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Clownfish and Anemones - Clownfish get protection, anemones get cleaning

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Mutualism

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Cleaner Fish and Groupers - Cleaner fish eat parasites, groupers get cleaned

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Commensalism

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Epiphytic plants and Trees - Epiphytes get support, trees unaffected

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Parasitism

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Mosquitoes and Humans - Mosquitoes take blood, humans can get diseases

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Mutualism

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Acacia Ants and Acacia Trees - Ants get food and habitat, trees get protection from herbivores

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Commensalism

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Mites and Beetles - Mites attach to beetles for transport, beetles unaffected

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Parasitism

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Vampire Bats and Host Animals - Bats consume host blood, host animals can suffer blood loss and infections

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Mutualism

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Pistol Shrimp and Goby Fish - Shrimp digs burrows, goby provides lookout

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Commensalism

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Shark-sucking fish and Sharks - Fish get transportation and food scraps, sharks unaffected

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Parasitism

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Sea Lice and Salmon - Sea lice feed on mucus, blood, and skin, salmon can get weakened or die

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Mutualism

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Yucca Moths and Yucca Plants - Moths pollinate yucca plants, moths lay eggs in flowers

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Commensalism

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Army Ants and Antbirds - Antbirds feed on insects disturbed by ants, ants unaffected

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Mutualism

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Bees and Flowers - Bees get nectar, flowers get pollinated

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Commensalism

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Hyenas and Lions - Hyenas scavenge remains of lion kills, lions typically unaffected

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Mutualism

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Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria and Legumes - Bacteria convert N2N_2 to ammonia, legumes get nitrogen in usable form

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Parasitism

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Brood parasites like the Cuckoo and Warblers - Cuckoos lay eggs in warbler nests, warblers raise cuckoo chicks to the detriment of their own

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Parasitism

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Lice and Humans - Lice feed on human blood, humans can get itching and irritation

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Mutualism

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Mycorrhizae and Plants - Mycorrhizae expand root surface, plants improve nutrient uptake

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Mutualism

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Gobies and Pistol Shrimp - Gobies watch for danger, shrimp provide shared burrow

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Commensalism

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Cattle Egrets and Cattle - Egrets eat insects flushed by cattle, cattle unaffected

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Parasitism

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Giant Kidney Worm and Mammals - Worms infect the kidney, mammals suffer organ damage

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Commensalism

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Man-of-War Fish and Portuguese Man o' War - Fish immune to nematocysts, gets protection, Man o' War unaffected

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Parasitism

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Candiru Fish and Host Fish - Candiru feeds on blood and tissue, host fish harmed

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Commensalism

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Pseudoscorpions and Larger Insects - Pseudoscorpions hitch rides for dispersal, larger insects unafflicted

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Commensalism

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Spider Crabs and Sea Anemones - Crabs get camouflage, anemones get nothing

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Parasitism

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Ticks and Deer - Ticks consume blood, deer may get Lyme disease

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Mutualism

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Ants and Aphids - Ants protect aphids, aphids provide honeydew

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Commensalism

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Silverfish and Army Ants - Silverfish eat crumbs and debris in ant trails, ants unaffected

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Mutualism

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Gut Microbes and Humans - Microbes help digest food, humans provide habitat and nutrition

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Parasitism

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Leucochloridium and Snails - Parasites manipulate host's behavior, snails become more visible to predators

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