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Challenged the common assumption that common property is poorly managed and should be either regulated by central authorities or privatized. Showed how common resources can be effectively managed by user associations.

Developed concepts like 'linkages' in economic development, and 'exit, voice, and loyalty' as responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states.

Critic of the effectiveness of foreign aid and top-down development interventions. Advocates for more individual-based approaches and accountability in development aid.

Well-known for advocating 'shock therapy' as a way to transition economies rapidly from a state control to a market system. Also contributed to the Millennium Villages Project aimed at ending poverty.

His research on economic history and institutional development has provided a framework for understanding the role of institutions in shaping economic performance.

Focused on the problems of economic development, inequality, and racial justice. His study of poverty in Asia led to significant policy discussions on land reform and planning.

Known for the creation of GDP as a measure of economic activity, and for the Kuznets curve, which suggests that as an economy develops, market forces first increase and then decrease economic inequality.

Critic of neoliberal economic policies. Promotes heterodox economics and protectionist policies for developing countries to foster industrialization.

Known for his work on the informality in economies and the importance of property rights. Argues that a lack of formal property leads to lost opportunity for economic development.

Research on income distribution and inequality. Developed the 'elephant curve', which illustrates changes in global income distribution between 1988 and 2008.

Co-founder of the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL). Her research evaluates the impact of social programs and poverty alleviation strategies using randomized controlled trials.

Co-founder of the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL). His works evaluate the effectiveness of poverty reduction strategies using randomized controlled trials.

Examined the economic issues of poor countries, focusing on the consequences and causes of civil war, the effects of aid, and issues of democracy in low-income countries.

Developed the 'two-sector model' which describes how surplus labor from traditional agriculture can be utilized for industrial development without wage inflation.

Critic of foreign aid, arguing it often causes more harm than good in the long-term for African economies. Advocates for more innovative economic solutions like trade and investment.

Renowned for using field experiments to test interventions in development economics. Notable for his work on theories explaining the patterns of long-term economic growth.

Pioneered the Solow–Swan growth model which shows how economic growth is related to labor, capital, and technology, and won a Nobel Prize for his analysis.

His work advocated for the balanced growth theory under the concept of 'vicious circle of poverty' to explain lack of economic development and proposed ways to break it.

Prominent classical economist known for theories such as Comparative Advantage, which explains how countries benefit from specializing and trading based on their relative efficiencies.

Formulated the 'dual-sector model', which describes structural change in developing economies from a traditional to a modern sector, and earned a Nobel Prize for his work.

His work contributed to the understanding of collective action and public goods. Notable for articulating the 'logic of collective action' and for research on the rise and decline of nations.

Major contributions include the Capability Approach, which focuses on evaluating human well-being beyond economic wealth. Proposed the ideas of 'entitlements' and 'capabilities', stressing the importance of freedoms and rights.

Known for work on information asymmetries and the consequences for market behavior. Proposed policies to manage risk and improve economic performance in developing countries.

Developed the Human Development Index (HDI), which is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators to rank countries.