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HDI is a composite index measuring average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. It is calculated using life expectancy, education level (mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling), and GNI per capita.

GNH is a measure of economic and moral progress introduced by Bhutan, based on the belief that the beneficial development of human society takes place when material and spiritual development occur side by side to complement and reinforce each other. It consists of nine domains including psychological well-being, health, education, and ecological diversity and resilience.

MPI identifies multiple deprivations at the household and individual level in health, education and standard of living. It uses 10 indicators to measure poverty in over 100 developing countries.

PPP is an economic theory that compares different countries' currencies through a 'basket of goods' approach. It allows for a more accurate comparison of economic productivity and standards of living between countries by eliminating the distortions of exchange rates.

The World Happiness Report ranks countries based on factors contributing to their citizens' well-being, such as income, social support, life expectancy, freedom of choice, generosity, and perceptions of corruption.

GII reflects women's disadvantage in three dimensions - reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market. The index is the average of these dimensions' inequalities, calculated using factors such as maternal mortality ratio and female representation in parliaments.

GDP is the total monetary or market value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period. It illustrates the economic activity and size of an economy.

GNI per capita is the dollar value of a country's final income in a year, divided by its population. It reflects the average income of a country's citizens.

The Gini Coefficient measures income inequality within a population. Values range from 0 to 1, with 0 representing perfect equality and 1 indicating perfect inequality. It is calculated based on the relative mean difference between every possible pair of individuals.