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Build and repair tissues; enzymes and hormones; immune function; can be an energy source.

Bone and teeth formation; energy metabolism; component of ATP.

Aids in digestion and absorption; provides satiety; helps regulate blood sugar.

Building blocks of proteins; some are essential and must be provided in the diet.

Function as cofactors; structural components of tissues; involved in osmoregulation.

Essential for cell membrane integrity; fat metabolism; neurotransmitter synthesis.

Antioxidant; protects cell membranes; immune function; prevents oxidative stress.

Antioxidant; protects cells from damage; supports thyroid health; plays a role in DNA synthesis.

Essential for thyroid hormones; regulates metabolism; growth and development.

Substances that reduce nutrient absorption; can be reduced by processing.

Main components of dietary fiber in plant cell walls; affect gut health and function.

Precursor to vitamin A; antioxidant properties; supports immune system; eye health.

Primary energy source; provides dietary fiber; spares protein for other uses.

Immune function; wound healing; DNA synthesis; growth and development.

Speed up chemical reactions in digestion; can be added to feed to aid in breaking down nutrients.

Antioxidant; collagen synthesis; aids in iron absorption; immune system support.

Maintains fluid balance; nerve impulse transmission; muscle contraction; heart function.

Cofactor for enzymes; bone formation; antioxidant protection; metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and cholesterol.

Essential for blood clotting; bone metabolism; regulating blood calcium levels.

Part of Vitamin B12; important for red blood cell production; nerve function.

Strengthens tooth enamel; reduces the risk of dental caries; bone formation.

Live microorganisms promoting a healthy gut microbiota; improve digestion and immunity.

Nondigestible food ingredients that promote the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the intestines.

Cofactor for enzymes that metabolize drugs and toxins; breaks down purines to prevent gout.

Organic compounds crucial for normal growth and nutrition; required in small quantities in the diet.

Bone and teeth formation; blood clotting; muscle contraction; nerve function.

Maintains fluid and acid-base balance; component of gastric juice.

Component of hemoglobin and myoglobin; energy metabolism; oxygen transport.

Collagen synthesis; iron metabolism; immune system and nervous system function.

Bone health; cofactor in enzyme systems; muscle and nerve function; energy production.

Enhances the action of insulin; important for glucose metabolism; may improve blood sugar control.

Essential for life; solvent for chemical reactions; regulates body temperature.

Reduce cholesterol absorption; improve cardiovascular health; found in plant-based foods.

Serve as building blocks for nucleic acids; involved in energy transfer and metabolism.

Energy metabolism; red blood cell formation; nervous system function.

Vision health; immune function; cellular communication; growth and development.

Promotes calcium absorption; bone growth and remodelling; immune function.

Dense energy source; essential fatty acids; absorbs fat-soluble vitamins.

Maintains fluid balance; nerve impulse transmission; muscle contraction.