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Symptoms: Itching, hair loss, skin thickening. Causes: Allergic reaction to bites of Culicoides midges. Treatment: Insect control, anti-inflammatory creams, antihistamines, immunotherapy.

Symptoms: Sudden death, swelling, bloody discharges. Causes: Bacillus anthracis bacterial infection. Treatment: Antibiotics, vaccination in endemic areas, strict quarantine and disposal regs.

Symptoms: Obesity, abnormal fat deposits, laminitis. Causes: Genetic predisposition, poor diet, lack of exercise. Treatment: Dietary management, exercise, possibly medication for insulin regulation.

Symptoms: Coughing, difficulty breathing, nasal discharge. Causes: Allergic reaction to airborne particles like dust and mold. Treatment: Environmental management, corticosteroids, bronchodilators.

Symptoms: Black skin tumors, often under the tail or around the genitalia. Causes: Commonly in gray horses, possibly genetic. Treatment: Surgical removal, cryotherapy, immunotherapy.

Symptoms: Lameness, joint swelling, pain on flexion. Causes: Cartilage abnormality during growth. Treatment: Rest, joint supplements, surgery to remove bone/cartilage fragments.

Symptoms: Scabby sores and lesions, hair loss. Causes: Bacterial infection (Dermatophilus congolensis). Treatment: Keep dry, topical antiseptics, antibiotics in severe cases.

Symptoms: Ataxia, muscle wastage, loss of proprioception. Causes: Possibly vitamin E deficiency and genetic factors. Treatment: Supportive care, supplementation of vitamin E.

Symptoms: Foul-smelling black discharge in the frog of the hoof, lameness. Causes: Anaerobic bacterial infection (often Fusobacterium necrophorum). Treatment: Hoof cleaning, topical antiseptics, improved stable hygiene.

Symptoms: Abdominal pain, restlessness, sweating. Causes: Intestinal blockages, parasites, diet changes. Treatment: Pain relief, possibly surgery, fluid therapy.

Symptoms: Muscle stiffness, sweat, dark urine. Causes: Stress, electrolyte imbalance, overexertion. Treatment: Rest, hydration, electrolyte supplementation, muscle relaxants.

Symptoms: Cough, fever, nasal discharge, lethargy. Causes: Influenza virus infection. Treatment: Rest, supportive care, vaccination as prevention.

Symptoms: Stiffness, muscle spasms, difficulty eating. Causes: Bacterial toxin from Clostridium tetani. Treatment: Tetanus antitoxin, antibiotics, wound care, vaccination as prevention.

Symptoms: Fever, muscle twitching, weakness, paralysis. Causes: Mosquito-borne viral infection. Treatment: Vaccination as prevention, supportive care, mosquito control.

Symptoms: Lameness, hoof heat, and reluctance to move. Causes: Overeating grain, lush grass, stress. Treatment: Rapid veterinary intervention, dietary management, anti-inflammatory medications.

Symptoms: Muscle twitching, weakness, paralysis, collapse. Causes: Genetic mutation affecting sodium channels in muscle cells. Treatment: Low potassium diet, medication to control symptoms (e.g., acetazolamide).

Symptoms: Muscle weakness, difficulty swallowing, respiratory failure. Causes: Neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. Treatment: Antitoxin administration, supportive care, ventilation if needed.

Symptoms: Fever, respiratory illness, edema, abortion in pregnant mares. Causes: Equine arteritis virus infection. Treatment: Vaccination as prevention, supportive care, quarantine of infected animals.

Symptoms: Crusting dermatitis on the pastern and heel, swelling, pain. Causes: Wet and muddy conditions, bacterial and fungal infections. Treatment: Cleaning and drying the affected area, topical treatments, antibiotics if needed.

Symptoms: Fever, nasal discharge, swollen lymph nodes. Causes: Bacterial infection by Streptococcus equi. Treatment: Isolation, antibiotics, supportive care.

Symptoms: Long curly coat, increased thirst, laminitis. Causes: Dysfunction of the pituitary gland. Treatment: Medication (e.g., Pergolide), dietary management, monitoring for secondary infections.

Symptoms: Respiratory issues, fever, abortion in pregnant mares. Causes: Herpesvirus types 1 and 4 primarily. Treatment: Quarantine, supportive care, vaccination as prevention.

Symptoms: Diarrhea, dehydration, loss of appetite in foals. Causes: Rotavirus infection. Treatment: Fluid therapy, electrolyte replacement, supportive nutrition.

Symptoms: Incoordination, neck stiffness, abnormal gait. Causes: Spinal cord compression typically in the cervical vertebrae. Treatment: Surgery, neck stabilization, physical rehab.

Symptoms: Muscle stiffness, reluctance to move, muscle atrophy. Causes: Abnormal storage of glycogen in muscles. Treatment: Dietary management (low starch & sugar), regular exercise.

Symptoms: Incoordination, muscle atrophy, paralysis. Causes: Protozoal infection (commonly Sarcocystis neurona). Treatment: Antiprotozoal drugs, anti-inflammatory agents, supportive care.

Symptoms: Fever, anemia, edema, weight loss. Causes: Viral infection, transmitted by blood-feeding insects. Treatment: No cure, euthanasia or lifelong quarantine.

Symptoms: Fever, diarrhea, laminitis, decreased abdominal sounds. Causes: Neorickettsia risticii bacterial infection. Treatment: Antibiotics, fluid therapy, anti-inflammatory medication.

Symptoms: Fever, anemia, jaundice, dark urine. Causes: Blood parasites (Babesia equi or Theileria equi). Treatment: Antiprotozoal medications, supportive care; prevention via tick control.

Symptoms: Rounded hairless patches, scaly skin, itching. Causes: Fungal skin infection. Treatment: Antifungal shampoos, environmental decontamination, isolation.

Symptoms: Forelimb lameness, pain in the heel area. Causes: Degeneration of the navicular bone and surrounding tissues. Treatment: Pain management, corrective shoeing, surgery in severe cases.

Symptoms: Poor appetite, weight loss, colic, attitude changes. Causes: Stress, dietary factors, medication side effects. Treatment: Proton pump inhibitors, diet changes, stress reduction.

Symptoms: Behavioral changes, paralysis, drooling. Causes: Viral infection from a rabid animal bite. Treatment: No treatment available, vaccination as prevention.

Symptoms: Hollow space at the white line of the hoof, prone to infection. Causes: Hoof wall separation, possibly due to chronic laminitis. Treatment: Debriding the affected area, hoof care maintenance.