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Purpose: To separate, identify, and quantify components in a mixture. Information Obtained: Detailed analysis of dyes, inks, and other colorants.

Purpose: To characterize pigments and minerals. Information Obtained: Molecular and crystalline structure of components.

Purpose: To determine the elemental composition of art materials. Information Obtained: Identification of pigments and metals without sampling.

Purpose: To analyze surface morphology and composition. Information Obtained: High-resolution images and elemental analysis through Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS).

Purpose: To enhance the visualization of art details. Information Obtained: Digital reconstructions that can reveal hidden features and inform conservation decisions.

Purpose: To determine the age of organic materials. Information Obtained: Approximate time period when the art object or material was created.

Purpose: To perform elemental analysis. Information Obtained: Elemental composition of materials with minimal destruction.

Purpose: To analyze complex mixtures of organic materials. Information Obtained: Identification of molecular fragments and thermal decomposition patterns.

Purpose: To reveal underdrawings and artist alterations. Information Obtained: Images showing layers beneath the painted surface that are not visible to the naked eye.

Purpose: To determine the crystallographic structure of materials. Information Obtained: Information on pigments and corrosion products.

Purpose: To date ceramic works. Information Obtained: Approximate age of the fired pottery by measuring the accumulated radiation dose.

Purpose: To capture an object's surface texture and color. Information Obtained: Highly detailed images that can reveal surface variations and brushwork techniques.

Purpose: To separate and quantify ions in a mixture. Information Obtained: Concentrations of anions and cations present in the materials of the artwork.

Purpose: To identify varnishes, stains, and certain pigments. Information Obtained: Visualization of previous restoration work and material composition.

Purpose: To analyze organic compounds in complex mixtures. Information Obtained: Identification and quantification of waxes, oils, and resins in art materials.

Purpose: To perform quantitative chemical microanalysis. Information Obtained: Elemental compositions at micrometer scales.

Purpose: To observe fine details of art at high magnification. Information Obtained: Insight into the materials and techniques used by the artist.

Purpose: To obtain subsurface images of multilayered structures. Information Obtained: Cross-sectional images of paint layers and varnishes.

Purpose: To conduct on-site analysis of artworks. Information Obtained: Elemental and molecular composition data without having to move or sample the art piece.