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Fundamental Landscape Architecture Terms

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Folly

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A purely decorative building or structure in a garden or landscape that has no practical purpose.

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Ecotone

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A transitional area between two ecological communities, with characteristics of both and often high biodiversity.

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Rectilinear

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Characterized by straight lines, and right angles, commonly used in formal landscape design.

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Hardscape

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The non-living elements of landscaping, such as walkways, walls, patios, and rocks.

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Riparian

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Pertaining to the interface between land and a flowing surface water body, important in ecology and resource management.

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Terracing

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Creating graduated flat areas in a sloped landscape, which can reduce erosion and make steep land more usable.

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Green Roof

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A roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation planted over a waterproofing membrane.

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Zoning

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The process of planning for land use in a way that groups certain kinds of construction and land use in one area.

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Vista

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A designed or natural viewpoint that creates a framed view of a landscape, structure, or feature.

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Curvilinear

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Arranged in or characterized by curved lines, as opposed to rectilinear, which involves straight lines.

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Greenway

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A corridor of protected open space managed for conservation and recreation purposes, linking parks, nature reserves, or cultural features.

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Retaining Wall

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A structure designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil when there is a desired change in ground elevation.

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Sustainable Design

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Design practices that reduce negative impacts on the environment, and the health and comfort of building occupants.

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Brownfield

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A property which has the presence or potential to be a hazardous waste, pollutant, or contaminant.

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Berm

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A raised section of earth used for screening or improving drainage; it can also add aesthetic contours to the landscape.

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Pergola

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An outdoor structure consisting of a framework covered with trained climbing or trailing plants.

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Xeriscaping

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A landscaping method that uses drought-resistant plants and techniques to conserve water.

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Pavilion

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An open-sided, often temporary structure or shelter in a park, garden, or recreational area.

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Water Feature

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A design element that incorporates water in the landscape, like fountains, ponds, streams, or waterfalls.

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Rain Garden

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A shallow, vegetated basin that collects and absorbs runoff from impervious urban areas, like rooftops, driveways, walkways, and compacted lawn areas.

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Axis

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An imaginary line that organizes a sequence of spaces or elements in the landscape.

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Softscape

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The living, horticultural elements of landscaping, such as plants, flowers, grass, and trees.

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Swale

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A low-lying or depressed and often wet stretch of land which is used for drainage or as a boundary feature.

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Biophilia

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The inherent human tendency to seek connections with nature and other forms of life.

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Allee

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A walkway lined with trees or tall shrubs which creates a sense of enclosure and elongates the perspective.

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Gazebo

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A freestanding, open-sided structure usually covered with a roof, providing shade and a decorative feature in a landscape.

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Topiary

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The horticultural practice of shaping plants into ornamental and often elaborate designs by clipping foliage and twigs of trees and shrubs.

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Fenestration

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The arrangement, proportion, and design of windows in a building, affecting views to and from the landscape.

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Labyrinth

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A complex and intricate pathway design that leads to a central point, used as a meditative journey or ornamental garden feature.

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Native Planting

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The use of plants endemic to the region in landscaping to promote local biodiversity and ecosystem health.

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