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A star that has consumed all the hydrogen in its core and now burns hydrogen in a shell outside the core, causing the outer layers to expand and cool, and the star becomes much larger and redder.

The life stage of a high-mass star after it leaves the main sequence; it has a high luminosity and undergoes further nuclear fusion to create heavier elements.

An incredibly dense stellar remnant made almost entirely of neutrons, which remains after a supernova explosion of a high-mass star.

A late stage in the life of a massive star where the star has a very large radius and a cool surface temperature, often preceding a supernova.

An exceptionally massive and luminous star that has a very high rate of mass loss, often leading to a spectacular supernova explosion.

A point in space where the gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape from it; it forms from the remnants of a supernova if the core's mass is sufficient.

A long-lasting stage in which the star burns hydrogen into helium through nuclear fusion, providing the energy that makes the star shine.

A ring-shaped nebula formed from the outer layers of a dying star that have been expelled into interstellar space, surrounding a central white dwarf.

A dense, faint stellar remnant composed mostly of electron-degenerate matter; it’s what most stars become after they have exhausted their nuclear fuel.