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Landers and Rovers on Mars
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Sojourner
Mission Goals: Validate roving technology for future missions. Discoveries: Analyzed the composition of Martian rocks and soil.
Spirit (MER-A)
Mission Goals: Search for and characterize a variety of rocks and soils that may hold clues to past water activity. Discoveries: Found evidence of ancient water such as silica deposits and alteration of minerals.
InSight
Mission Goals: Understand Mars' formation and evolutionary history by studying its deep interior. Discoveries: Detected and analyzed Martian seismic activity, revealing information about the planet's crust, mantle, and core.
Pathfinder
Mission Goals: Demonstrate the feasibility of low-cost landings on and exploration of the Martian surface. Discoveries: Yielded a wide range of important in-situ measurements relevant to the atmosphere and geology of Mars.
Opportunity (MER-B)
Mission Goals: Same as Spirit; geologically interesting sites were targeted differently. Discoveries: Uncovered mineral hematite, suggestive of past water, and remnants of ancient rippled water beds.
Perseverance
Mission Goals: Search for signs of ancient life, characterize Mars' geology, collect samples for possible return to Earth. Discoveries: Ongoing mission; has converted carbon dioxide into oxygen, which is a critical process for potential human habitation.
Curiosity (MSL)
Mission Goals: Determine Mars' habitability, study its climate and geology, and collect data for human mission. Discoveries: Organic molecules detected, complex chemical history with conditions once suited to life.
Phoenix
Mission Goals: Study the history of water in the Martian arctic and search for potential habitable environments. Discoveries: Confirmed the presence of water-ice in the Martian subsurface.
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