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Dark matter is a hypothetical form of matter thought to account for approximately 85% of the matter in the universe. It does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it invisible. Its existence is inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter and background radiation.

A supernova is a massive explosion that occurs at the end of a star's life cycle. These cataclysmic events are crucial in distributing elements formed in stars across the cosmos and can trigger the formation of new stars. They can also leave behind neutron stars or black holes.

Neutron stars are the incredibly dense remnants of massive stars that have undergone a supernova explosion. They are composed almost entirely of neutrons and have strong magnetic fields, providing insights into matter under extreme densities and the nature of neutron-rich matter.

The CMB is the thermal radiation left over from the time of recombination in Big Bang cosmology. Detected as a faint glow permeating the universe, it provides a snapshot of the universe when it was only 380,000 years old, offering clues about the early universe and the origin of cosmic structures.

Dark energy is a mysterious force that is causing the expansion of the universe to accelerate. It is hypothesized to make up about 68% of the universe and affects the universe on a cosmological scale, with properties that do not seem to change over space and time.

White dwarfs are the remnants of low to medium mass stars that have shed their outer layers and ceased nuclear burning. These dense cores are Earth-sized and cooling over time, and a white dwarf's structure is supported by electron degeneracy pressure.

Gamma-ray bursts are intense flashes of gamma rays which occur from high-energy processes like star mergers or supernovae. They are the brightest and most energetic events since the Big Bang and can release more energy in a few seconds than the Sun will in its entire lifetime.

A black hole is a region in space where the gravitational pull is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape from it. They are considered extremely important in astrophysics for understanding gravity and space-time under extreme conditions. The boundary of a black hole is known as the event horizon.

Quasars are extremely luminous active galactic nuclei powered by supermassive black holes. They emit enormous amounts of energy which can outshine entire galaxies, and they serve as important probes of the early universe and the evolution of galaxies.