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Three empirical laws that describe the orbits of planets around the sun: 1) Planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus; 2) A line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time; 3) The square of the orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.

A hypothesis that attempts to explain the discrepancy between the observed rotation curves of galaxies and the predictions of Newtonian dynamics. It proposes modifications to Newton's laws at very low accelerations, suggesting that gravity behaves differently on a galactic scale to account for dark matter effects without invoking dark matter itself.

States that every mass attracts every other mass with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. This theory laid the groundwork for classical mechanics and enables the prediction of planetary motions.

String theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings. It suggests the possibility of a unified description of gravity with other fundamental forces, potentially leading to insights into quantum gravity.