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Omnidirectional antennas used on spacecraft for short-range communication, typically with a nearby space probe, lander, or when precise pointing isn't possible. They require more power and offer less range than HGAs.

The process of recording and transmitting the readings of an instrument from a remote or inaccessible point to a receiving station where the data is evaluated. Spacecraft telemetry involves sending back data about the spacecraft's health and status.

A worldwide network of large antennas and communication facilities that support interplanetary spacecraft missions, as well as some Earth-orbiting missions. It plays a crucial role in the data transmission and reception for long-range space communications.

The method by which signals are sent from spacecraft to Earth and vice versa, using electromagnetic waves in the radio spectrum. RF transmission is crucial for sending telemetry, commands, and receiving scientific data from spacecraft.

Antennas with a narrow focus beam used for communication over large distances in space. They are essential for communicating with Earth from spacecraft due to their high directivity and gain which enable strong signal transmission even from deep space.

Facilities on Earth equipped with large radio antennas that receive and transmit signals to and from spacecraft. Ground stations are an essential component of the space communication infrastructure, providing a link to control and exchange data.

The time taken for a signal to travel from Earth to a spacecraft or vice versa. The vast distances in space mean these delays can be significant, affecting real-time communication and requiring autonomy in spacecraft operation.

The change in frequency of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the wave source. In space communication, the Doppler effect is used to measure the velocity of a spacecraft relative to Earth.

A portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the microwave range of frequencies ranging from 26.5 to 40 GHz. Used in space communications for high-data-rate communication due to its wider available bandwidth and smaller antennas compared to lower-frequency bands.

In the context of space communication, it refers to the range of frequencies that a communication channel can transmit. The bandwidth determines the data rate and quality of the signal that can be sent to and from a spacecraft.

Techniques used to detect and correct errors in transmitted data. In space communications, error correction is critical due to the noise and long distances involved in transmitting signals.