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Fundamentals of Competition Law
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Cartel
An agreement between competing firms to control prices or exclude entry of a new competitor in a market.
Abuse of Dominance
When a dominant firm in a market engages in practices that seek to eliminate or restrict competition unfairly.
Predatory Pricing
The act of setting prices low in an attempt to eliminate the competition and create a monopoly in the market.
Merger
The combination of two or more companies into a single corporate entity, with one company often absorbing the other.
Tying Arrangement
A practice in which a seller requires the purchase of additional goods or services in connection to the sale of a primary product.
Monopoly
A market structure characterized by a single seller, selling a unique product in the market with no close substitutes.
Market Division
An agreement between competitors to split up markets, either by geography or by customer type, to avoid competing with each other.
Robinson-Patman Act
A United States federal law that prohibits anticompetitive practices by producers, specifically price discrimination.
Relevant Market
The market in which a particular company operates and competes, defined by both the product market and geographic market.
Antitrust Law
Laws designed to promote fair competition for the benefit of consumers, by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies.
Barriers to Entry
Obstacles that make it difficult for a company to enter a particular market, like capital requirements or economies of scale.
Price Fixing
An illegal practice where competing companies agree to set a common price for their products or services.
Market Share
The percentage of a market controlled by a particular company, indicating the company's power in the market.
Exclusive Dealing
An agreement in which a retailer or wholesaler is 'tied' to purchasing exclusively from a supplier.
Oligopoly
A market structure in which a few firms dominate the market and have the ability to influence market prices and decisions.
Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI)
A commonly accepted measure of market concentration used to determine the potential anti-competitive impact of mergers.
Horizontal Merger
A merger occurring between companies in the same industry, often competitors, which produce the same product or service.
Vertical Merger
A merger between companies that operate at different levels within an industry's supply chain.
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