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TCAS is an aircraft collision avoidance system that monitors the airspace around an aircraft for other aircraft equipped with a corresponding active transponder and warns pilots of the presence of other transponder-equipped aircraft which may present a threat of mid-air collision.

ALARP is a principle in risk management where the risk is reduced to the lowest level that is practically possible. It is vital for ensuring that all necessary steps are taken to mitigate risk without excessive cost.

Pilot fatigue is a serious safety risk caused by inadequate rest and can impair cognitive functions and reaction time. Regulations on duty times and rest requirements are in place to help mitigate this risk.

Wake turbulence is created by the lift generated by an aircraft's wings and can cause dangerous conditions for other aircraft flying behind. This emphasizes the need for proper spacing and awareness during takeoff and landing.

FOD refers to any substance, debris, or article alien to an aircraft or system that could potentially cause damage. FOD prevention is critical for aircraft safety and requires regular checks and clear runways.

CRM involves training flight crews to work together effectively and manage resources efficiently. It's crucial for preventing human error and enhancing the decision-making process in high-stress situations.

A stall occurs when the angle of attack increases to a point where the lift begins to decrease significantly, which can lead to a loss of altitude. Prevention through pilot training and awareness is important for safety.

A runway incursion is any unauthorized aircraft, vehicle, or person on the runway. This poses a serious collision risk and highlights the importance of clear communication and adherence to air traffic control instructions.

Emergency evacuation is the rapid disembarkation of passengers and crew from an aircraft in an emergency. It is crucial for minimizing injuries and fatalities in case of an accident.

SMS is a comprehensive management system designed to manage safety elements in the workplace. It includes policy, objectives, plans, procedures, organization, responsibilities and other measures.

Icing involves the accumulation of ice on an aircraft, which can decrease the performance of wings and propellers, potentially leading to a loss of control. Proper deicing procedures and anti-icing equipment are essential for safety.

GPWS alerts pilots if their aircraft is in immediate danger of flying into the ground. This system has greatly decreased the number of Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) accidents.

The Sterile Cockpit Rule prohibits non-essential activities and conversations in the cockpit during critical flight phases, like takeoff and landing, to reduce distractions and maintain focus on flying the aircraft.

Bird strikes happen when a flying bird collides with an aircraft, which can cause damage and potentially lead to accidents. Engine designs and airport wildlife management practices are implemented to reduce this risk.

The black box records flight data and cockpit voice recordings. After an accident, this information is invaluable for determining what went wrong and for preventing future incidents.

CFIT refers to an accident in which an airworthy aircraft, under pilot control, inadvertently flies into the ground, a mountain, water, or an obstacle. Stringent navigation procedures and awareness are necessary to prevent CFIT.

Wind shear refers to a change in wind speed or direction over a short distance, which can cause sudden turbulence and loss of control for an aircraft. Pilots must be trained to recognize and react to wind shear for safe operations.

Cold weather operations pose challenges such as icing, snow accumulation, and cold-soaked fuel freezing. Proper procedures, equipment, and training are critical to address these aviation hazards.

FADEC is a system that provides precise control over an aircraft's engine, reducing the workload of the pilot and limiting the chances of engine settings that could lead to mechanical failures.

Hypoxia is a deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the body's tissues, potentially dangerous for pilots and passengers at high altitudes. Use of supplemental oxygen and pressurization systems helps to prevent it.

ETOPS regulations ensure twin-engine aircraft can safely fly routes that, at some points, are far from the nearest suitable airport. It's crucial for the development of efficient flight paths over remote areas.

V1 is the maximum speed at which a decision to abort the takeoff must be made. If an issue arises before V1, the takeoff can be aborted safely; past V1, the aircraft must take off.

MEL is a document that lists the minimum equipment necessary for an aircraft to operate under specific conditions safely. It's crucial to ensure that flight operations can be safely conducted with certain inoperative equipment.

Cabin decompression occurs when the aircraft's cabin loses pressurization. This can lead to hypoxia and other physiological problems. Emergency oxygen systems and rapid descent procedures are in place to handle this situation.

A lightning strike can affect an aircraft's electrical systems and its structural integrity. Aircraft are designed to withstand lightning strikes, and systems are tested regularly for resilience.

Human factors study how humans interact with their environment and technology, aiming to improve performance, reduce human error, and increase safety in aviation.

NOTAMs are notices distributed by government agencies to inform pilots of changes that could affect flight safety. They are essential for flight planning and safe operations.

RVR measures the distance over which a pilot of an aircraft on the centerline of the runway can see the runway surface markings. It's used to determine whether it's safe for an aircraft to take off or land under limited visibility conditions.

Encountering volcanic ash can result in engine damage and system failures for aircraft. Therefore, volcanic activity monitoring and avoidance procedures are essential for flight safety.