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The IAEA is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. It was established in 1957.

The NSG is a multilateral export control regime and a group of nuclear supplier countries that seeks to prevent nuclear proliferation by controlling the export of materials, technology, and equipment that can be used to manufacture nuclear weapons.

The Zangger Committee is a group of nuclear supplier countries that maintains a trigger list of nuclear-related dual-use items to ensure that exports do not contribute to the proliferation of nuclear weapons.

The NPPA is a proposed piece of U.S. legislation aimed at strengthening U.S. laws to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and ensure that countries receiving U.S. nuclear technology are in compliance with non-proliferation norms.

This agreement, also known as the Megatons to Megawatts Program, was a unique government-to-government program between the United States and Russia to convert high-enriched uranium (HEU) from dismantled Russian nuclear weapons into low-enriched uranium (LEU) for nuclear fuel.

The NPT is an international treaty aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear weapons and technology, promoting cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and furthering the goal of disarmament. It was opened for signature in 1968 and entered into force in 1970.

The CTBT is a multilateral treaty that bans all nuclear explosions for both civilian and military purposes. It was opened for signature in 1996.

The Rarotonga Treaty established the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone, which bans the use, testing, and possession of nuclear weapons within the territories of the signatory island nations.

NWFZs are regions in which countries commit to prohibit the manufacture, acquisition, testing, or possession of nuclear weapons within their boundaries by treaty.

The Pelindaba Treaty, also known as the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty, aims to ensure that nuclear weapons are not manufactured, acquired, or tested in Africa following South Africa’s dismantling of its nuclear weapons program.

The PSI is a global effort that aims to stop trafficking of weapons of mass destruction, their delivery systems, and related materials to and from states and non-state actors of proliferation concern.

The Stimson Doctrine is a policy named after American Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson, stating that the United States would not recognize territorial changes or treaties that were enforced through aggression.

The MTCR is a voluntary partnership among 35 countries to prevent the proliferation of missile and unmanned aerial vehicle technology capable of carrying above 500 kg payload for more than 300 km.

The TPNW is the first legally binding international agreement to comprehensively prohibit nuclear weapons, with the goal of leading towards their total elimination. It was adopted on 7 July 2017.

A Safeguards Agreement is a set of technical arrangements negotiated between the IAEA and a member state to ensure that civilian nuclear material is not diverted to military use.

The GICNT is an international partnership working to improve capacity to prevent, detect, and respond to nuclear terrorism. It was launched by Russia and the United States in 2006.

The NNPA of 1978 is a United States federal law that established controls over nuclear materials and equipment to ensure that U.S. nuclear exports would not be used to help other nations build nuclear weapons.

START was a bilateral treaty between the USA and the USSR on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms, signed in 1991. It was succeeded by New START in 2010.

The Additional Protocol is a legal document granting the IAEA complementary inspection authority to that provided in Safeguards Agreements. It aims to strengthen and extend the IAEA’s capabilities to verify the peaceful use of all nuclear material in Member States.