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Nuclear Reactor Coolants

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Organic Liquids

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Properties: Low corrosivity, moderate heat capacity. Used because they can operate at high temperatures without the need for high pressures.

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Light Water (H2O)

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Properties: High heat capacity, moderates neutrons effectively. Used because it's abundant, inexpensive, and non-toxic.

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Chloride Salts

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Properties: High thermal stability, good heat transfer properties. Used in specialized high-temperature reactors due to their ability to operate at higher temperatures without degradation.

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Pebble-Bed Reactor Helium

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Properties: High thermal conductivity, does not absorb neutrons easily. Used because it allows the reactor to operate at very high temperatures for improved thermal efficiency.

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Supercritical Water

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Properties: High heat transfer efficiency, acts as both coolant and working fluid. Used because it allows for higher thermal efficiencies in power generation.

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Gallium

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Properties: Low vapor pressure, high boiling point, maintains liquid state across a wide temperature range. Used because it allows for efficient heat transfer without high pressures.

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Polyalphaolefin (PAO)

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Properties: Synthetic oil with stable properties across a wide temperature range, good lubricating properties. Used because it does not pose a fire risk compared to other organics.

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Nitrogen

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Properties: Inert, low absorption cross-section for neutrons, relatively cheap. Used because it can serve as an effective coolant and is non-reactive under normal conditions.

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Heavy Water (D2O)

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Properties: Better neutron moderator than H2O, higher boiling point. Used because it allows the use of natural uranium fuel without enrichment.

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Air

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Properties: Low cost, readily available, non-toxic. Used because it's inert and plentiful, though less effective at heat transfer than other coolants.

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Fluorinert

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Properties: Chemically stable, electrically insulating, high boiling point. Used because it's non-corrosive and allows for direct cooling of electronic components.

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Molten Salt

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Properties: High boiling point, stable at high temperatures, good heat transfer. Used because it can act as both coolant and fuel solvent in some designs.

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Bismuth-Potassium Lead Eutectic

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Properties: Low melting point for a metal, high boiling point, low neutron absorption. Used because it facilitates high working temperatures without corrosion issues.

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Liquid Sodium (Na)

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Properties: Excellent heat transfer capabilities, low neutron moderation. Used because it allows for high coolant temperatures without high pressure.

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Sodium-Potassium Alloy (NaK)

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Properties: Low melting point, high boiling point, effective heat conductor. Used because it remains liquid at room temperature which simplifies reactor design.

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Gold

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Properties: Excellent thermal and electrical conductivity, non-reactive. Used due to its stability at very high temperatures, though rarely used due to cost.

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Liquid Lead

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Properties: Good heat transfer, high boiling point, provides radiation shielding. Used because it's relatively inert and has a low neutron capture cross-section.

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Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

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Properties: Inert gas, good heat transfer. Used because it's stable at high temperatures and does not react with materials or absorb neutrons significantly.

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Helium (He)

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Properties: Inert, high thermal conductivity, low neutron absorption cross-section. Used because it does not become radioactive and can operate at very high temperatures.

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Steam

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Properties: Efficient heat transfer, can be directly used to drive turbines. Used because it simplifies the power conversion system.

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