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Nuclear Reactor Coolants
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Organic Liquids
Properties: Low corrosivity, moderate heat capacity. Used because they can operate at high temperatures without the need for high pressures.
Light Water (H2O)
Properties: High heat capacity, moderates neutrons effectively. Used because it's abundant, inexpensive, and non-toxic.
Chloride Salts
Properties: High thermal stability, good heat transfer properties. Used in specialized high-temperature reactors due to their ability to operate at higher temperatures without degradation.
Pebble-Bed Reactor Helium
Properties: High thermal conductivity, does not absorb neutrons easily. Used because it allows the reactor to operate at very high temperatures for improved thermal efficiency.
Supercritical Water
Properties: High heat transfer efficiency, acts as both coolant and working fluid. Used because it allows for higher thermal efficiencies in power generation.
Gallium
Properties: Low vapor pressure, high boiling point, maintains liquid state across a wide temperature range. Used because it allows for efficient heat transfer without high pressures.
Polyalphaolefin (PAO)
Properties: Synthetic oil with stable properties across a wide temperature range, good lubricating properties. Used because it does not pose a fire risk compared to other organics.
Nitrogen
Properties: Inert, low absorption cross-section for neutrons, relatively cheap. Used because it can serve as an effective coolant and is non-reactive under normal conditions.
Heavy Water (D2O)
Properties: Better neutron moderator than H2O, higher boiling point. Used because it allows the use of natural uranium fuel without enrichment.
Air
Properties: Low cost, readily available, non-toxic. Used because it's inert and plentiful, though less effective at heat transfer than other coolants.
Fluorinert
Properties: Chemically stable, electrically insulating, high boiling point. Used because it's non-corrosive and allows for direct cooling of electronic components.
Molten Salt
Properties: High boiling point, stable at high temperatures, good heat transfer. Used because it can act as both coolant and fuel solvent in some designs.
Bismuth-Potassium Lead Eutectic
Properties: Low melting point for a metal, high boiling point, low neutron absorption. Used because it facilitates high working temperatures without corrosion issues.
Liquid Sodium (Na)
Properties: Excellent heat transfer capabilities, low neutron moderation. Used because it allows for high coolant temperatures without high pressure.
Sodium-Potassium Alloy (NaK)
Properties: Low melting point, high boiling point, effective heat conductor. Used because it remains liquid at room temperature which simplifies reactor design.
Gold
Properties: Excellent thermal and electrical conductivity, non-reactive. Used due to its stability at very high temperatures, though rarely used due to cost.
Liquid Lead
Properties: Good heat transfer, high boiling point, provides radiation shielding. Used because it's relatively inert and has a low neutron capture cross-section.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Properties: Inert gas, good heat transfer. Used because it's stable at high temperatures and does not react with materials or absorb neutrons significantly.
Helium (He)
Properties: Inert, high thermal conductivity, low neutron absorption cross-section. Used because it does not become radioactive and can operate at very high temperatures.
Steam
Properties: Efficient heat transfer, can be directly used to drive turbines. Used because it simplifies the power conversion system.
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