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Date: 1929-1939 Affected Countries: Worldwide, with emphasis on the United States Immediate Effects: Stock market crash, bank failures, unemployment Long-term Effects: New Deal policies, development of welfare state, increased government intervention

Date: 1973 Affected Countries: Global, notably the United States, Canada, Japan, and Western European nations Immediate Effects: Rapid increase in oil prices, inflation, reduced economic growth Long-term Effects: Energy conservation measures, increased interest in alternative energy

Date: 1997-1998 Affected Countries: East and Southeast Asian countries, notably Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea Immediate Effects: Currency devaluations, stock market declines, capital flight Long-term Effects: Economic reforms, IMF bailouts, increased oversight of financial markets

Date: 2000-2002 Affected Countries: Predominantly the United States and Western Europe Immediate Effects: Stock market crash, particularly in technology companies Long-term Effects: Bankruptcies of numerous internet startups, increased regulation of financial markets, skepticism about technology investments

Date: 2007-2008 Affected Countries: Worldwide, with significant impacts in the United States and Europe Immediate Effects: Collapse of financial institutions, stock market downturn, housing market crash Long-term Effects: Regulatory reforms (Dodd-Frank Act), long-lasting economic downturn, quantitative easing policies

Date: 2009-2012 Affected Countries: Eurozone countries, particularly Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Italy Immediate Effects: Government debt crises, austerity measures, recession Long-term Effects: Structural reforms in EU countries, changes to EU financial regulations, debates about fiscal integration

Date: 1998 Affected Countries: Russia, with repercussions in global markets Immediate Effects: Ruble devaluation, default on domestic debt, stock market crash Long-term Effects: Economic policy reforms, restructuring of financial system, increased poverty and social unrest

Date: 1999-2002 Affected Countries: Argentina, with effects in neighboring countries Immediate Effects: Economic recession, currency devaluation, default on external debt Long-term Effects: Social and political instability, loss of public trust in institutions, restructuring external debt

Date: 1921-1923 Affected Countries: Germany Immediate Effects: Severe devaluation of currency, price instability, loss of savings Long-term Effects: Political and social upheaval, contributing factor to the rise of extremist movements

Date: 1994-1995 Affected Countries: Mexico, with impact on Latin American economies Immediate Effects: Peso devaluation, capital flight, emergency financing from U.S. and IMF Long-term Effects: Introduction of new economic reforms, increased role of the IMF in crisis resolution, promotion of the 'Washington Consensus'

Date: Late 2000s - early 2010s Affected Countries: European Union Immediate Effects: Economic contraction, high unemployment rates, government austerity measures Long-term Effects: Lasting unemployment, rise of populism, questioning the EU project

Date: 2018 Affected Countries: Turkey Immediate Effects: Lira devaluation, inflation, investor confidence loss Long-term Effects: Economic reforms, central bank's credibility questioned, relationship strains with the U.S.

Date: 2010s - ongoing Affected Countries: Venezuela Immediate Effects: Hyperinflation, food and medicine shortages, mass emigration Long-term Effects: Social and political instability, collapse of public services, questioning of socialist economic policies

Date: 2014-2017 Affected Countries: Brazil, repercussions in Latin America Immediate Effects: Economic recession, political corruption scandals, unemployment surge Long-term Effects: Fiscal austerity measures, political discontent, erosion of trust in established political parties