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Nutmeg, cloves, cinnamon, peppercorn, and other spices; these sea and land networks connected Asia, Northeast Africa, and Europe, driving global commerce and exploration.

Frankincense, myrrh, spices, silks, and precious stones; crucial trade route for Arabian and Indian goods going to the Mediterranean and Europe.

Amber, salt, furs, and precious metals; linked Northern Europe to the Mediterranean, yielding a significant trade of Baltic amber.

Tea, horses, salt, and sugar; connected China's teahouses with Central Asia and South Asia, and was particularly prominent for exchanging Chinese tea with Tibetan horses.

Textiles, precious stones, salt, and various other goods; one of South Asia's oldest and longest major roads, facilitating trade and communication from Bangladesh to Afghanistan.

Copper, tin, gold, and luxury goods such as ivory; built by the Persian Empire for facilitating rapid communication and trade across the empire's vast territories.

Gold, salt, slaves, ivory, and exotic animals; connected Sub-Saharan Africa to North Africa and resulted in the exchange of goods and culture across the Sahara.

Animal furs, especially beaver pelts; facilitated the economic development of North America and involved European and indigenous traders, playing a central role in the colonization of the Americas.

Salt, spices, gold, ivory, and slaves; comprised various routes that connected sub-Saharan Africa to Mediterranean civilizations, highlighting the essential role of salt in historical trade.

Silk, spices, tea, precious metals and stones, ceramics, and other luxury goods; connected China to the Mediterranean and facilitated cultural and economic exchanges between East and West.

Slaves, sugar, tobacco, cotton, rum, and other goods; this complex Atlantic trade route connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas and greatly impacted the economies and societies of these regions.