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Mercantilism in European History
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Spain
Spain's mercantilist policies led to the extraction of vast amounts of wealth from its colonies, especially silver from the Americas, which was used to fuel Spain's economy and fund its military campaigns in Europe.
Republic of Venice
Venetian mercantilism thrived on controlling the Mediterranean trade routes, with its powerful navy and strategic location enabling the republic to monopolize trade between Europe and the Orient for centuries.
Denmark-Norway
The mercantilist strategy of Denmark-Norway included controlling the Sound Toll at the Øresund strait, which became a significant source of state income, and developing its colonies in the North Atlantic for strategic and resource gains.
Russia
Russian mercantilism expanded under Peter the Great who sought to modernize the Russian economy by developing industries, establishing new trading cities like St. Petersburg, and expanding Russia's influence towards the Baltic Sea.
Sweden
Swedish mercantilism during the 17th century focused on the export of iron and copper, as well as military expansion, to solidify its economic position in the Baltic Sea region.
Scotland
Scottish mercantilism led to the ill-fated Darien Scheme, an endeavor to establish a colony in Central America to facilitate trade, which ultimately failed but highlighted the mercantilist desire for trade expansion and colonial wealth.
Kingdom of Naples
Under Spanish rule, the Kingdom of Naples was exploited for its agricultural output, such as wheat and other crops, as part of Spain's broader mercantilist system to concentrate wealth and resources from its possessions.
The Papal States
Though not a typical mercantilist power, the Papal States leveraged its spiritual influence to promote economic activities, collecting taxes and fees from pilgrims and controlling trade routes throughout the Italian Peninsula.
Prussia
Prussian mercantilism under Frederick the Great included efforts to increase agricultural output, promotion of manufacturing, especially in the textile industry, and military expansion that allowed for greater trade control within Central Europe.
The Dutch Republic
Dutch mercantilism was characterized by a vast commercial and maritime network, with the Dutch East India Company monopolizing trade routes to Asia and accumulating wealth through both trade and finance, such as through the Amsterdam Stock Exchange.
Austria
The mercantilist policies of the Habsburg monarchy in Austria centralized economic activities, fostered the development of manufacturing, and sought control over central European trade routes, particularly along the Danube River.
Portugal
Portuguese mercantilism focused on establishing a trade monopoly over spices and other goods from Asia and Africa, leading to the creation of a trade empire with fortified bases along coasts and controlling the flow of valuable goods into Europe.
England
English mercantilism manifested in the Navigation Acts, which aimed to monopolize trade with its colonies. It resulted in the growth of a strong merchant fleet and a trade network that laid the foundation for the British Empire.
Poland-Lithuania
The mercantilist efforts in Poland-Lithuania were less successful due to its decentralized political system; however, it still engaged in grain trade and sought to profit from its role as a transit territory between Western Europe and the East.
France
French mercantilist policies under finance ministers like Colbert aimed to decrease reliance on imports and maximize exports, leading to state-sponsored industries and colonial expansion in North America for resources like fur.
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