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Water Rights in Property Law
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Prescriptive Rights




Rights gained by the unauthorized use of water in a manner that is open, notorious, exclusive, and adverse for a specific statutory period.




Groundwater Permits




Licenses issued by governments authorizing the extraction of a specified amount of groundwater.




Prior Appropriation




A water rights doctrine that allocates water to those who have historically used the water in a particular area. 'First in time, first in right' principle applies.




Beneficial Use




Denotes the use of water that is economically and socially justifiable. It is often a requirement in the allocation of water resources.




Riparian Rights




Entitle the landowner's reasonable use of water flowing through or adjacent to their property, consistent with others' rights. Based on English common law.




Correlative Rights Doctrine




A principle where water rights are correlated with land ownership, allowing landowners to use groundwater reasonably and equitably.




Reserved Water Rights




Rights that are set aside by the U.S. government for Native American reservations and other federal lands, irrespective of state water laws.




Overlying Rights




Pertain to California water law, giving landowners the entitlement to reasonable and beneficial use of groundwater located beneath their land.




Reasonable Use Doctrine




Limits water use to what is reasonable relative to the needs of the riparian landowner and considering the rights of other riparian owners.




Absolute Dominion




A legal doctrine that allows a landowner rights to take for use or sale all the water that can be captured from below the land. Also known as the 'Rule of Capture'.




Littoral Rights




Concern the use and enjoyment of shoreline property, particularly relating to landowners' property abutting lakes, oceans, and seas.




Federally Reserved Rights




Water rights that are implicitly reserved by the federal government at the time a reservation is created, not subject to state law or control.




Public Trust Doctrine




Mandates that the state hold certain natural resources in trust for public use and enjoyment, such as navigable waterways.




Doctrine of Navigability




Holds that the beds and banks of navigable waters are held in trust by the state for the public, often for activities such as navigation, fishing, and commerce.




Doctrine of Equitable Apportionment




In interstate water disputes, this doctrine promotes fair and reasonable water distribution between states.
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