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Basic Tax Terminology

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Regressive Tax

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A tax that takes a larger percentage from low-income earners than from high-income earners.

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Fiscal Year

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Any 12-month period that a company uses for accounting purposes and preparing financial statements. Not necessarily aligned with the calendar year.

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Taxable Income

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The amount of income that is used to determine how much tax an individual or a company owes to the government in a given tax year.

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W-4 Form

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A form used by employees to tell employers how much tax to withhold from each paycheck.

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Estate Tax

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A tax on the net value of the estate of a deceased person before distribution to the heirs.

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Adjusted Gross Income (AGI)

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Gross income minus adjustments to income. This figure is used to determine taxable income.

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Audit

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A review/examination of an individual's or organization's accounts and financial information by the IRS to ensure information is reported correctly according to tax laws.

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Tax Credit

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An amount of money that taxpayers can subtract directly from taxes owed to the government.

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Standard Deduction

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A fixed dollar amount that reduces the income you're taxed on. The amount depends on the filing status.

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Gross Income

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All income from all sources that is subject to tax, before any deductions or exemptions are applied.

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Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT)

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A supplemental income tax required in addition to baseline income tax for certain individuals, corporations, estates, and trusts that have exemptions or special circumstances allowing for lower standard income tax.

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W-2 Form

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A form used by employers to report an employee's annual earnings and taxes withheld from their paycheck.

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Progressive Tax

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A tax that takes a larger percentage from the income of high-income earners than it does from low-income individuals.

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Dependent

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A person who entitles a taxpayer to claim dependent-related tax benefits that reduce taxable income.

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Filing Status

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A category that defines the type of tax return form an individual will use. Categories include: single, married filing jointly, married filing separately, head of household, and qualifying widow(er).

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Form 1040

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The U.S. individual income tax return form that is used to calculate and file an individual’s federal tax return with the IRS.

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Tax Evasion

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The illegal evasion of taxes by individuals, corporations, or trusts.

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Tax Shelter

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Any method that recovers one or more tax benefits designed to reduce taxable income resulting in the reduction or elimination of a tax liability.

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Tax Bracket

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A range of incomes subject to a certain income tax rate.

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Capital Gains

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Profit from the sale of property or of an investment.

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IRS

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The Internal Revenue Service; a bureau of the Department of Treasury that is tasked with the enforcement of income tax laws and oversight of the collection of federal income taxes.

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Withholding Tax

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Income tax withheld from employees' wages and paid directly to the government by the employer.

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Gift Tax

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A tax on the transfer of money or property from one living person to another, without receiving something of at least an equal value in return.

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Itemized Deductions

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Eligible expenses that individual taxpayers can claim on federal income tax returns and which decrease their taxable income.

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Tax Year

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The 12-month period covered by a tax return. For most individual taxpayers, this aligns with the calendar year.

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Tax Deduction

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A reduction of the income that is subject to taxes which can lower the amount of tax owed.

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Self-Employment Tax

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A tax consisting of Social Security and Medicare taxes primarily for individuals who work for themselves.

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Tax Haven

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A country or independent area where taxes are levied at a low rate.

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Excise Tax

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Taxes paid when purchases are made on a specific good, such as gasoline or cigarette. They are often included in the price of the product.

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